Hello and Welcome! 

   You have found the most detailed and informative compilation of information regarding the fiscal issues and fare control (tickets, tokens, transfers, passes, zone checks, ticket choppers, turnstiles and fare boxes) of transit companies located in New York City. At the current time, we refrain from from digital / electronic methods of payment such as MetroCard and OMNY payment systems.

   The history of public transportation in the City of New York has been very well documented in many books, blogs, government reports and newspaper articles. Therefore it shall not be our intent to rehash the general history of the construction of the subway. Also, there are many fine authoritative publications and websites that pertain to very specific topics such as: the railroad rolling stock (trolleys, elevated and subway cars) used throughout the decades; station design; sign development; tile color coding, artwork and frescoes; development of the transit maps; etcetera. 

   In stark contrast; very little had been published about the many fiscal issues – tickets and transfers – that were sold or issued to passengers. So, in recognition of "what was already out there" and what wasn't; this website shall focus on the fare aspects of these transportation companies.

   For the early era of operations (1890's to 1953), it is all too commonly thought that passengers simply dropped a nickel into a turnstile and entered the system. But that is not exactly the case. In the very first days, long before turnstiles were invented; and before the subway was built and opened in 1904; there were tickets that needed to be purchased first and they cost ten cents not a nickel. 

   As we will see; there were many more facets to the fare payment process to access the New York City subway and surface systems, past and present; and unfortunately they have remained mostly overlooked until now. So, in this website, we will endeavor to not only refer to the subways and elevateds, but surface transportation methods as well; from the earliest horse-drawn stages and omnibuses, as well as electric trolleys, streetcars to internal combustion powered buses.

   Also, many casual New York City Transit history buffs are aware of the original 5 cent "nickel" fare and are under the belief it was universal throughout the city and on all modes of the system. What has been published almost always pertains to the subways and elevated fare, but streetcar and bus fares are hardly mentioned and transfer privileges, if at all; and less so of the private bus franchises.

   For the later era of operations (1953 to present), while many people remember the tokens, quite a bit of misinformation abounds regarding some issues; such as which token was the first, when designs were issued (not always in conjunction with a fare raise), etc. In addition to which, there were several special fares for extra services offered both on subway service as well as on surface routes throughout the years. 

   Furthermore, there are misconceptions and misinformation regarding other fare related items as well. Quite a few of the items on these pages are well recognized (tokens, later bus transfers, school passes) but unfortunately, either urban myth, or revisionist history via blogs and "click bait" web-traffic generator channels have unfortunately twisted some of the facts. On the lesser known items shown, a lot of people simply were not aware of their existence; whether those items were used in the 1800's and had been forgotten over time; or later day issues so limited in their use, i.e.: to a particular neighborhood or short duration of usage. 

   Equally as unfortunate and in this day and age of social media, this misinformation gets copied, pasted and shared with no regard to its actual veracity. Fallacies and falsehoods are accepted as fact, which is the bane of established historians everywhere. Accuracy and precision make for good historians - not egregious exaggeration and embellishment.

   We are not here to pass judgment or criticize those who have made their errors in an innocent way, but our goal is to make sure the misinformation is amended and the correct information made readily available to the general public - at least to those willing to check and accept the veracity of said posted information. 

   Sadly, even the Transit Museum social media website has been observed lately to post inaccurate information. To the point I have felt the need to create a new chapter to address the matter and to point out corrections in one location. It is hoped that this research and this website will set the record straight and correct those misconceptions and inaccuracies.

   Some of these examples of erroneous or overlooked information are:

• the original 10 cent fares on the elevateds built in Manhattan in the 1880's and before the nickel fare was adopted;
  
• on board conductors took up fare tickets on the elevateds until 1879; then depositing of tickets at chopper boxes at exits until 1880; then the ticket choppers were relocated to entrances;
  
• the full time nickel fare was introduced for rapid transit in 1886 on the Manhattan Elevated, not 1904 with the opening of the Interborough Rapid Transit;
  
• the ticket choppers that were used prior to 1921 and before turnstiles were introduced and were used after 1928 when the IRT opened and even as late at the 1960's;
  
• the violent double fare "war" between BRT "Inspectors" and the public riding the Coney Island routed car lines; that took place from 1900 through 1920; was not just an isolated instance;
  
• the 7¢ / 10¢ / 12¢ / 13¢ / 15¢ City Transit fares;
  
• the widely varied fares of the private franchise buses (which in some cases exceeded the amount charged on the subway and city buses!);
  
• The Money Room and the underground accessways to the revenue collection trains at 370 Jay were not a "secret" - they are mentioned in newspapers before and during construction
  
• the first token issued by the NYCTA in 1953 was the "small Solid", not the "small Y Cutout";
  
• the Rockaway double fare;
  
• the actual issue date of the Bulls-eye Token was April 21, 1986, not January 1, 1986.

   Furthermore, this website is offered as a collaborative effort between George Cuhaj and Philip Goldstein. We know it is not complete but consider it a starting point for documenting fiscal issues of the land transportation services offered in NYC. It is a companion website to Goldstein’s other "New York Centric" transportation related websites.

• Tickets, passes and other paper items transfers (ephemera), the dimensions are in inches.
• Tokens issues (exonumia) are listed in millimeters and inches.
• Most items in the catalog are shown actual size: 1:1 (100%) on 16:9 wide screen monitor with monitor window at 100%. 
     However, certain large size items have been reduced slightly for formatting and space conservation. 
• Tokens, however are shown at 2:1 (200%) for detail. 

    In developing this website catalog, there three different eras of use regarding transit operations in the City of New York:

   Please note: The coverage of this website currently stops at the point in time in which the MetroCard system replaced most of these printed fiscal issues.

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   If you don't see it on one of the pages of this compilation, we want to know about it!

   If you wish to offer an item (or items) for inclusion, you are invited to email us using the contact information at the end of this introduction. Whether you have one piece or many, a ticket, token, transfer or pass or any other fiscal item that you do not see already on any of the pages in this website, you are cordially invited to share them here.

   Your submission(s) will be watermarked with your name and your name listed in the special thanks chapter below. 

   Please feel free to contact me regarding errors, broken links, missing images, corrections, or for any other reason at:  

brghtnbchexp@aol.com

Methods of Fare Collection

   Public transportation in New York City first became organized with franchises being granted to those companies operating ferries which crossed the East and Hudson Rivers, and then conjunctively with those horse car routes connecting to those ferry operations. Tokens were issued upon payment for transfer to connecting lines.

   Tickets then became used by the early street traction, elevated and subway companies; and some will be surprised to learn that tickets remained to be used concurrent with tokens, as well as transfers.

   As time marched on and technology progressed; we watched horse drawn modes of conveyance on the surface routes give way to electrically powered equipment and then to internal combustion powered vehicles. For the elevated lines, steam operation yielded to electric power. The subways started off as powered by electricity and have remained so.

   For those unknowing; elevated and subway operations are considered rapid transit, whereas horse drawn stage, horse drawn omnibus; electric trolley & street car; and internal combustion bus are considered surface transit.

Cardboard Tickets for Horsedrawn Stage & Streetcar fare payment and transfer

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   Some of the early transportation companies used cardboard "chits" (tickets) instead of metallic tokens as either initial tickets or as transfers to connecting lines. These types of tickets were predominately used in the early era of operations (1830's to 1930's). Some were used in conjunction with the early transfer token issues. They would be collected and reused many times, only being replaced when worn out & illegible, becoming lost, or not returned by the passenger.

   Following some very in-depth research into very early issues of the New York Times (then known as the New York Daily Times); I was able to ascertain some fares of the stage lines which may be read here - "Where it all began"

   They were collected by the stage driver or conductor upon boarding by the passenger. At the end of the day, they were counted, entered into a ledger; then used the next day all over again.

   Printed tickets are an economical price point for manufacture. Job printers abounded in New York City at the time and re-orders were available easily.

   Eventually with printing developments, tickets were able to be sold in strips, bound into booklets and sold at various fare rates. However, the survivability of small card chits is small in comparison to brass or pewter tokens, so there is a general misconception of popularity in the use of either.

   There is something else that bears noting, when discussing tickets and transportation methods of this era; and that being the coinage in circulation during the time span when the first stages and horse drawn trolleys were operating. These coins would not be recognized by 99% of the modern population, with many of the denominations are no longer in circulation and the cent piece was larger than a quarter! These coin issues are historically important in their own right, and are shown here actual size:

 

• Half cent coins. Plain and simple; good old fashioned inflation reduced the need for this coin. Discontinued as result of 1857 US Coin Act.
• One cent pieces or "pennies", were huge: 29 millimeters - just a smidge larger than todays dollar coins and a bit smaller than the current half dollar. Cents were resized to the current 19mm in 1857 as a result of the 1857 US Coin act as well.
• There were also two cent pieces in circulation, with a big shield on front and wreath on back. Last year of production of two cent pieces was 1873.
• The three cent piece was also in circulation, with a six pointed star and Roman numeral III in the letter C on the back. Last year of production of three cent pieces was also 1873.
• Before the nickel entered circulation, you had the half dime, which was worth five cents. Last year of production of half dimes was also 1873.
• The nickel was introduced in 1866 to replace the half dime, but both circulated concurrently. The nickel had a shield of front and a numeral 5, or later a Roman V (for 5); on the back of them. 
• Dimes and half dimes had Lady Liberty in a seated position. 
• Not a single coin here had a deceased US President or any other notable American person on them. Most had some allegorical (representative) form of "Lady Liberty" on them.

   Each and every coin shown was in circulation in the mid to late 1800's; some more popular than others. But they were all legal tender; and these coins were all used at one point or or another to pay for a ticket or directly for a fare on stage lines and the first trolley lines. In most cases; a stage driver, conductor or change booth clerk (as well as merchants) were ready to accept them for payment and give them in return as change.

   And to think people of today dislike getting pennies in change - can you imagine back then, getting half pennies and big honkin' pennies and two cent pieces in return for a dime? But back then, no one threw half cents away like people do with pennies today.

   And now, back to our regularly scheduled transportation topics.

Cardboard Tickets for Rapid Transit (Subway & Elevated) and Surface Lines

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   "Back in the day" passengers purchased their tickets from the change booth (what we have come to currently call the token booth) prior to boarding the train. And it was NOT always a nickel.

It is not well remembered now, but in the early days of operation from 1879 to November 1, 1886, the Manhattan Railway charged the rather exorbitant sum of 10 cents per ticket.    As we read as described in detail contained in the Proceeding of the American Society of Civil Engineers, August 1917 article at right, is the following information.    It clearly states that the lower fare of 5 cents was charged on "commission trains", which operated in the morning and evening rush hour periods. This is the reverse of how present day commuter train fare schedules are set (as well as other transportation methods), with higher prices charged during peak travel times (the morning and evening rush hour periods, Monday through Friday). In effect, this fare schedule could be construed as "reverse congestion pricing", with higher fares being charged during off peak travel times to make up for the lower patronage.    We also see as a result of this article, the method of ticket collection was changed from conductors taking up tickets aboard the train, which was abolished on January 20, 1879. The reason for this was, at times of large crowds - especially during rush hours; the conductor may not have gotten to taking your ticket before you disembarked at your station; allowing you to ride for free and using your ticket on another date.    So, the collection of tickets now required passengers to deposit their tickets into ticket boxes upon exiting the train at the exit gates. With this method, it also caused congestion when trains discharged the passengers in one short time span. So, on June 21, 1880; the method of ticket collection would change yet again.    Passengers now had to deposit their tickets into chopper boxes prior to boarding the trains; and it is this method of ticket collection that would gain widespread use for other rapid transit companies in the Cities of New York, the Bronx, Brooklyn and Queens as well.    This method worked the best, considering people arriving to purchase their tickets and hand them to the gateman were for the most part spread out over time. Granted, you can still get a crush of people, but the groups were smaller than on discharge of a train arriving in a station.

..  . Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, August 1917

   Only on November 1, 1886; would the elevated fare would be reduced to 5 cents "around the clock" and to match other lines, and it is on this date in 1886 - not 1904 with the opening of the IRT subway - that rapid transit operations in New York City first saw the full time "nickel fare".

   After purchasing their ticket(s) a patron would proceed to the gate which divided the "open area" or public spaces from the "fare controlled area" which was the stairs that led to the subway or elevated platforms. Here, at an opening in this gate, a collector or "gateman" stood next to a glass and wood box on a pedestal, called a "chopper box".  

   The passenger would hand the ticket to the gateman, who would place the ticket into the top of the "ticket chopper", and actuated the handle that in turn chopped the ticket, preventing reuse. This action finally granted you access to the "controlled area", also known as the platforms of the subway and elevateds, or main terminals of the surface cars.

Columbus Circle Station; showing change / ticket booth; and gate separating "unpaid" area (and stairs to the street) and "paid" side (subway platform) areas. This image was taken upon completion of construction and the chopper box not yet installed.		Gateman with chopper box. Note the second chopper box covered by canvas and not in use.

   The glass inspection box facilitated the inspection of the front or backs of the tickets to check their validity as they were dropped into. Without fail, someone, somewhere; was guaranteed to try and gyp the system and get a free ride - whether it be counterfeit tickets or slugs in the turnstiles.

Gateman with chopper box. image courtesy of New York Transit Museum	Ticket Chopper Box at IRT Wall Street Station image courtesy of ephemeralnewyork	Deposit slot, glass viewing box and "funnel" image courtesy of New York Transit Museum	Chopping mechanism (slightly damaged) and removed from wood cabinet. image courtesy of New York Transit Museum

   The glass box on top had a glass plate v-shaped funnel at the bottom (not shown in the patent drawings) which directed the tickets into the chopper box. Here a set of interlaced metal teeth resembling combs are mounted. Connecting to these teeth combs, there was a shaft that connected through the side of the case to the outside. Much like the purpose of a modern paper shredder; only the chopper boxes were manually operated. The tickets were chopped to prevent reuse and the shredded tickets contained in a hopper in the bottom portion of the chopper box pedestal. 

 
  The ticket choppers on display at the New York City Transit Museum were patented in 1894 by George Matteson: Ticket Mutilator -  Patent US517053; and were manufactured by the Ingersoll-Sergeant Company.

   Unfortunately, the chopper box on display in the New York Transit Museum, is mis-identified as being manufactured by Ingersoll-Rand. The turnstiles were in fact manufactured prior to Rand merging with Ingersoll, and when the company was known as Ingersoll-Sergeant Drill Co.. Simon Ingersoll founded Ingersoll Rock Drill Company in 1871 in New York; and in 1888, it combined with Sergeant Drill to form Ingersoll-Sergeant Drill Company.

   In parallel and competitive development; brothers Addison and Jasper Rand, Jr. established Rand Drill Company in 1871; with its main manufacturing plant in Tarrytown, New York. Rand drills cleared New York's treacherous Hell Gate channel and were used in the construction of water aqueducts for New York City and Washington, D.C., and railroad tunnels located in Haverstraw and West Point, New York, and in Weehawken, New Jersey.

   It was not until 1905, that Ingersoll-Sergeant Drill Company acquired and merged with the Rand Drill Company to form Ingersoll Rand.

   Research has also revealed that other models of ticket choppers predate this model; with ticket chopper designs dating back to the 1870's. As such, other types and manufacturers of ticket choppers would have been used by other transportation companies, before the model that are currently on display in the New York Transit Museum.
   
   The diagram shown here is from "Proceedings of the American Electric Railway Engineering Association", October 1923; from filings submitted to them by the Interborough Rapid Transit and Brooklyn Rapid Transit (to become Brooklyn Manhattan Transit or BMT) and shows the placement of the ticket chopper at a basic low traffic station. Those stations at junctions, major street locations (i.e. Times Square) and end terminals would be equipped with multiple gates and chopper boxes so as not to hinder the flow of passengers waiting to enter.

   Also, at this point in time the Independent Subway System did not exist yet so it is not shown.

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Chopper Boxes were not removed in 1920 or 1921, or 1928...

   As the Facebook posts made by the New York Transit Museum would have you believe, chopper boxes were all removed in 1920 when the coin operated turnstiles first appeared. But that is erroneous.

   First, considering the vastness of the subway system, it would be quite some time until the turnstiles could be installed in all the stations - subway AND elevated. And, there were a lot more elevated stations then, than there are now.

   Second: it must be kept in mind, that there were two subway systems in that era: the IRT and BMT. While we reference the topic as "the subway" or "the elevated", there were multiple operators of the different routes. Therefore, while the IRT may have introduced the coin operated turnstile; did the BMT jump on the bandwagon at the same time? It is not expected so - these is the pre-first unification era.

   It would not be until 1928 that turnstiles were finally deployed in all the stations of the subway and elevated lines throughout New York City, and of which eliminated the last of the gatemen. Some of these gatemen moved into other employment positions or simply retired; but in actuality the chopper boxes themselves were not physically removed. Most were simply covered with a canvas cover, and were kept for stand-by use.

   This is evidenced by images seen in several archives, and even images that have been posted by the Transit Museum themselves:

IRT Ninth Avenue Elevated 72nd Street and Columbus Avenue Station - February 6, 1936 Berenice Abbott photo "Changing New York" series	IRT White Plains Line Gun Hill Road Station, ca. 1973 (just prior to the cessation of service on the Third Avenue Elevated - April 29, 1973.) Reddit unknown provenance

One (or even two) last Hurrahs for the Chopper Box!

   Furthermore, we even have photographic proof that the chopper boxes saw actual use in later days:

Recently discovered in the New York Times issue dated July 2, 1948, and in the multi-page coverage regarding the fare raise to 10 cents the day before; is a photo of a Transit Employee with a chopper box placed next to a portable turnstile (Perey Model 48) accepting the new small format combination (surface to rapid) tickets at the Fordham Road Station in the Bronx! The caption reads, "The old ticket chopper" came back into service at the Fordham Road Station of the Independent Line to collect the transfers."    The intersecting surface lines for the Fordham Station would have been the Surface Transportation Corp. Bx12 and Bx19 routes, and the ticket being deposited would have been almost identical to the one shown at below left. Friday July 2, would have been gray ticket like shown, but with a number "2".    Anecdotal recollection of a member in the Facebook group for the Transit Museum recalls a chopper box being used in the 1960's to collect the inter-divisional continuing ride transfers from the Fulton IND Line in the BMT Franklin Avenue Shuttle station.    Chopper boxes were even used as late as June 30, 1980 albeit as a simple receptacle to help accept old tokens and a dime for the June 28, 1980 fare hike (and new token release), as seen in the New York Times article at right.

   And, as seen in the August 1979 image below; a chopper box next to the mid-platform booth on the  /  northbound platform of the Howard Beach / JFK Airport station. It appears the actuating arm projects into the token booth for actuation by the clerk.

northbound (to NYC) platform looking south
Note the ticket chopper under the $1.50 sign used as a receptacle for Bus Loop Tickets.
August 1979 - Steve Hoskins photo - David Pirmann collection - courtesy of nycsubway.org

   One has to now wonder, if a good portion of these chopper boxes remain stored in station storerooms or some MTA / NYCTA facility for "emergency use". They are very rarely encountered (if at all) for sale; and this rarity (if one reflects upon it) leads one to think they have not been surplussed and scrapped, despite their nostalgic memories. The rationing for thus:

   Fareboxes from buses are very prolific on the collectors market; as are roll sign mechanisms, station signage, seats, fans, and motorman's controllers from old subway cars. Even large heavy items such as track signals, as well as other large bulky station furniture and memorabilia from the Transit Authority. So why haven't we seen chopper boxes?

    At the least, I would like to think there are a few hundred of them, sitting in a dusty warehouse in a storage room under one of the East River bridge approaches; or perhaps individually in station storage closets waiting to come to light!☺

   In conclusion; tickets were light, easily handled and remained an economical means of fare control.

   Even after 1953, when fares rose above 10 cents and prevented the use of a single coin for turnstile operation, and tokens were now purchased from the clerk to gain access to the transit system; the fare ticket never really died - it would go on to be used for special fares and limited access uses as for senior citizens, the physically challenged, pupils, or other special cases or events.

   These later era tickets are categorized on the following page:

Page 1 - Fare Tickets

Tokens as Transfers for Stage, Omnibus, Trolley Car & Bus Lines

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While most consider the NYCTA "dime sized" Y token of 1953 to be the "first" tokens for transit, they were not.    The "Y" tokens may have been the first tokens issued for use by the NYCTA, but: they were not the first token to be used for transportation in New York City and; not the first token used in New York City subways.        Many companies prior to the existence of the NYCTA issued tokens to be used as both transfer checks, and for initial fare payment.    It is a matter of semantics.    The Board of Transportation (the predecessor to the Transit Authority) issued tokens for use by passengers to account for the collection of transfers on a streetcar or bus; prior to the 1953 tokens of the NYCTA; and tokens were used dating back to the early 1830's, were used in this fashion by the individual traction / transit companies. It is these tokens that are all too often overlooked. And these early issues were manually issued and collected by stage drivers or conductors.

   The New York and Harlem Railroad was the first streetcar company in New York City to have utilized tokens, and they issued one token design with several counter-stamps in 1831. No documentation has been uncovered yet to determine the meaning of the counter-stamp varieties (distance traveled? fare discount? route?)

   In the earliest of use, tokens could be either a metal of soft to medium hardness that can easily be struck, such as: pewter, copper, brass or German silver; or a hardened rubber compound also known as "Vulcanite" which could be manufactured in different colors.

   In contrast to the printing of tickets which was relatively easier to produce; to issue a metal token; a specialty manufacturer is needed to create a design by engraving onto metal dies, and punch blanks and then strike them with the dies. This was a huge up-front cost which many 19th century firms were not willing to bear. Especially so, when a transportation company would change names, merge or split from other lines, thereby changing the name on the token. In some cases former partners were scratched off tokens as we will see on Page 2 of this website.

   However, once a company invested in the manufacture of a token, fare increases could be handled by plating an old issue rather than minting a new one. The potential for reuse is tremendous. Furthermore, obsolete tokens, if not to be reused could be sold for scrap metal value, recouping some of the financial outlay.

   These early transportation tokens are also often seen pierced with a random hole. It is misconceived that someone punched a hole in the token to wear on a necklace as a charm or novelty.

   In reality, these tokens were punched or drilled by the horse car / omnibus / trolley companies, so a conductor could carry many tokens conveniently and efficiently on a metal ring made of a springy metal to distribute or collect from passengers as needed, as shown in the drawing at right.

   If the conductor was not actually carrying the ring of tokens in his jacket pocket or on a suspender belt; they could also be hung on a peg near the door to the stage, horse car or trolley.

   Later tokens were issued in exchange for transfers where turnstiles were installed upon the newest street cars and first internal combustion bus era.

Page 2 - Early Tokens - 1827 - 1940
Page 2 - First Unification: Board of Transportation / NYCTS - City Wide Issues - 1940 - 1953

Coins and Tokens as General Fare Media in the Subway & Elevateds - The Automatic Turnstile

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Some transportation companies opted to use tokens not as a reusable transfer device; but as a primary admission method via an automatic turnstile. When first introduced, it was known as an "automatic passimeter".    Manually operated passimeters, actuated by the clerk; pre-existed the automatic type. These manually operated passimeters will be discussed a little later. The automatic passimeter became better known as the turnstile.    US Government / Mint issued coins, and later on tokens that were accepted in turnstile applications; were always of metal composition. We will explain why, a tad later in this chapter.    The first mechanical turnstile for the New York City subways and elevateds was not deployed until May 1921, and after being filed for a patent that same year, by Mssrs. Frank S. Hedley of Yonkers and James S. Doyle of Mount Vernon, NY.    If these names happen to sound vaguely familiar, perhaps that is because Frank S. Hedley was the President and General Manager, and James S. Doyle was Superintendent for the Mechanical Department, of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company.    Side note: it should be recognized that there were other patents issued for other designs of coin operated turnstiles prior to this one; but as this is the type installed in the subways, therefore it is this model we will be focused upon.      Considering the vastness of the transit system, it would take some time until turnstiles could be installed in all the stations - both subway AND elevated; and there were a lot more elevated stations then, than there are now.

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    This first turnstile was installed at the Lexington Avenue and 51st Street station. It would not be until 1928 however, that turnstiles were finally deployed in all the stations of the subway and elevated lines throughout New York City, and of which eliminated the last of the regularly assigned gatemen.

   Subsequent improvements and modifications to the design of the turnstile would take place over the next decade, but the basic premise was this:

   A slot on the top of the turnstile would directly accept a single coin or a token. Reliable operation of a mechanical turnstile relied on four different (or a combination thereof) "discriminatory" factors. For the acceptance of proper coins and / or tokens for payment of fare, these were:

• size (diameter) of the coin / token, 
• thickness of the coin / token
  
• magnetic properties (or lack of) of the coin / token,
  and if so configured, 
• weight of the coin / token.

   At the time of being deposited, the coin or token is placed into a sized slot. Objects too large (whether in diameter or thickness) would not fit into the slot (i.e.: a quarter into a nickel, penny or dime slot; penny or nickel into a dime slot); whereas coins / tokens that were too small (i.e.: a dime or penny instead of a nickel) fell straight through to the reject / coin return slot.

   In applications where non-magnetic tokens are being accepted, a magnet attracted magnetic objects and directed the object to the reject slot, whereas non-magnetic coins / tokens fell straight through into the acceptance channel. This was not an issue with coin usage, as all US coins are non-magnetic. In those circumstances where steel tokens were used as fare media, the magnet attracted the token into the acceptance channel, letting non-magnetic tokens, coins or slugs fall straight through to the reject slot.

   After meeting the above two criteria, the coin or token now rested on upon a balanced lever calibrated to the precise weight of that particular coin or token. If the coin or token was too heavy, it depressed the lever and was directed through to the reject channel. Too light, and the lever would not depress, also redirecting the bad token / coin / slug to the reject channel.

   Now for the reason why tokens were metal: once the proper coin or token was in the acceptance position on the lever, this in turn completed an electrical circuit (55, 57, 58 in the patent drawing below left) which in turn energized a solenoid which then released the pawl mechanism holding the turnstile paddles thereby allowing them to be moved, as well as releasing the balancing lever, allowing the coin to drop into the coin receptacle box.

   Any foreign coin, a coin of different value, a slug or any other object not of the accepted size (diameter or thickness), magnetic property or weight would be rejected, fall through to the return slot, and the turnstile would stay locked. Because the locking ratchet pawl only locked the turnstile one way, passengers exiting could simply push through from the fare controlled side to the public side, while those traveling from the public side to the fare controlled side would find the turnstile locked.

   Furthermore, some models of turnstile that were mounted on the side of token booths, were also were equipped with a foot lever projecting into the booth, so a clerk could manually release the turnstile for members of the police or fire departments, transit employees, or other pass holders such as students. Research has shown, that these particular type of turnstiles are known as a "passimeter", while the stand alone coin / token operated types were noted as a turnstile. In modern day operations, no difference is specified between types and all are called turnstiles.

The complete Patent Filing above can be viewed here: Turnstile Patent 1921 US1578660.pdf

Electric Railway Journal - November 26, 1921

   With the introduction of turnstiles, the fare control areas changed. Not to mention, each of the rapid transit companies at that time (IRT and BRT) had their own philosophies on fare control area design. Of course, the actual physical attributes of the station location dictated some of the layout characteristics, but for the most part, the fare control area layout was standardized to a degree.

   All diagrams shown here are from "Proceedings of the American Electric Railway Engineering Association", October 1923; from diagrams submitted to them by the Interborough Rapid Transit and Brooklyn Rapid Transit (to become Brooklyn Manhattan Transit or BMT). Also, at this point in time the Independent Subway System did not exist yet, so it is not shown. In the diagrams below, the turnstiles are called "passimeters".

   This first diagram reflects the arrangement for fare control areas in IRT stations utilizing side platforms. This arrangement would be used for local service only stations.

   In comparison to the IRT arrangement, here is the BRT layout for a similar side platform stations for local only service as well.

   This next diagram reflects the arrangement for mezzanine fare control areas. While the diagram shown represents an elevated line local service arrangement, the arrangement could be modified and used at elevated stations with local and express service as well as subway stations offering both local and express service, with the platforms and staircases leading to island platforms between the local and express tracks, instead of the platforms to the outside of the local tracks as shown

   Note that one end of the mezzanine contains the high entrance / exit turnstiles (HEET) to allow off hours automatic entrance:

   This next diagram is unattributed to a particular user, but would be a variant for side platform station:

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   Returning to the discussion of the turnstiles, one thorn remained in the side of their usage however: the IRT used electrically operated turnstiles. The BMT, and later the IND used mechanically operated turnstiles. This factor would come to haunt the NYCTA when it decided to place the token into use in 1953.

Last nickel: Ms. Carmen Gherdol - June 30, 1948 - 11:59 pm Assistant Supervisor Bartholomew Barry holds the canvas coin bag that will cover the coin drop. IRT Times Square Station image courtesy of the New York Times Digital Archives	First dime: Ms. Esther Pollack - July 1, 1948 - 12:00 am IRT Times Square Station image courtesy of the New York Times Digital Archives	First 15 cent token: Ms. Judy Reed - July 25, 1953 IRT Times Square Station image courtesy of the New York Times Digital Archives

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   In consideration of the fare raise, the Board of Transportation added fourteen new "free" transfer locations, which are highlighted on the following map by yellow triangles:

July 1, 1948 - New York Times
(colorized by author)

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   Lapse forward to 1953, when the New York City Transit System found itself in need to raise the fare to 15 cents. Turnstile mechanisms of that day could not yet be manufactured to distinguish varying and multiple coin sizes in such a small confined space and do so reliably. We all know coin operated token dispensers and vending machines for various products could take two or more coins and dispensed the item with the turn of a knob. So why not apply that to turnstiles?

   The 15 cent fare now meant coin combinations of three nickels or a dime and nickel. Furthermore, the mechanisms could not make change for a quarter. A multiple coin turnstile would have opened the door to patrons placing coins in the wrong slots, and still required most patrons to go to the token booth and get change beforehand.

   Hence the reason why the NYCTA introduced tokens as a fare payment method.
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Models of Turnstiles

   Before progressing further - it should be noted that different models of turnstiles, both newer and older models; could be found operated concurrently throughout the system. Note the turnstile coin drop in the 1948 and 1953 New York Times articles above: the same towered style coin drop is seen in both photos.

Manually operated booth side Passimeter
These types of turnstiles were manually activated by the change clerk inside the booth. They were not automatic and there was no coin operated mechanism to release them.    The passimeter was mounted halfway through the side wall of the change booth, with a gate and turnstile arm projecting outside the wall of the change booth, and with the side with the foot lever and counter projected into the booth. Usually a shelf covered the arm inside the booth so the clerk was protected from walking into it and had more work area.    When a passenger who was entitled to travel for free, the change clerk would depress the foot lever which in turn released the arms, allowing the person to now pass through to the revenue side of the station. This happened more than people realize: it could be another transit employee, a policeman, a student, a vending machine owner filling up the Chicklets / Beeman's dispenser, or perhaps an advertising man changing the posters from Burma Shave to Barbasol.    Coin operated turnstiles were mounted to the outside of the passimeter lane.    In the earliest days of fare revenue collection, the terminology in the trade journals was specific: these were passimeters. Automatic coin operated versions were known as turnstiles. As time progressed, the passimeters were lumped into the turnstile category; and as passimeter gave way to the "electric lock gate", so as the passimeters faded from use; terminology was no longer an issue.
left unit: IRT; right unit: BRT / BMT

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designed by IRT; manufactured by General Electric: the "Featherweight Pressure Gate" - 1922 fare: nickel 1921-1948; dime 1948-1953
The first electro-mechanical turnstile for the New York City subways and elevateds was not deployed until June 1921, and after being filed for a patent that same year, by Mssrs. Frank S. Hedley of Yonkers and James S. Doyle of Mount Vernon, NY.    If these names happen to sound vaguely familiar, perhaps that is because Frank S. Hedley was the President and General Manager, and James S. Doyle was Superintendent for the Mechanical Department, of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company.    They were revolutionary for their time and even had a name: "Featherweight Pressure Gate"    Other turnstiles mechanism were developed prior to this model, and required some serious pushing to get it to cycle. But this model was design specifically for high traffic rapid transit use, and it easy of turning made it well suited to the crush of thousands of passengers per hour.    After the patent was granted and the demonstrator model successfully tried out in service, General Electric Company was contracted to manufacture them.    It took until 1928 to install at least one of these turnstiles in each and every station on the IRT.    There are images in the NYTM archives showing this model in service in the the 1950's! uncovered hub type better image requested
GE "Featherweight Pressure Gate" turnstile - entrance covered hub type there was a covered platform connecting the coin deposit and the turnstile mechanism, that is not included in the Transit Museum display.	GE "Featherweight Pressure Gate" turnstile - side view covered hub type
builders plate for GE "Featherweight Pressure Gate" turnstile
A little internet research located the following two entries which reveal that the Interborough Rapid Transit, and its subsidiary Manhattan Railway; were still in the process of purchasing turnstiles in January 1923! So, in short these documents confirm, and refute the New York Transit Museum's erroneous statements that the ticket choppers were replaced in 1921, as IRT / Manhattan Rwys were still purchasing turnstiles to replace the choppers.    These documents also enlighten us to the cost of the turnstile: $258.00 per unit
both: Proceedings of the Transit Commission, State of New York, Volume 3 January 1, to December 31, 1923

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Perey Model "Coinpassor"- circa 1920's

Manufactured by Perey, model name "Coinpassor", #55. This model would accept nickels, dimes and when introduced in 1953, tokens.    This type of turnstile; was first introduced in 1920. It would be the system wide standard, until either a station was renovated; or when the tokens eliminated in 2003.    The only online reference I can find regarding this model, is the 1970 "Rapid Transit Fare Structure and Collection Methods" published by the Institute for Rapid Transit (U.S.).    In this reference it's referred to as the "BMT Perey Coinpassor": 1970 "Rapid Transit Fare Structure and Collection Methods" published by the Institute for Rapid Transit (U.S.)    This now leads me to believe the IRT, the BMT and the IND all used different turnstiles. This would make sense as each was its own organization prior to unification in 1940, and only after would turnstile use be universal.    Another interesting facet about the above entry, is that 20 were left hand rotation. One has to wonder what locations these were required for.    Research is needed to ascertain if this model was in fact used on IND and IRT lines as well. Also it is understood this model is not on display at the Transit Museum.    The "Coinpassor" 55 is a cousin to the "Superstyle" 55 seen below.

Please note the image shown is from a Perey catalog, and does not show a NYCTA installation.

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Perey Model "HD" 48 and "Superstyle" 55 - circa 1930's fare: nickel 1921-1948; transfer tokens
This model of turnstile was not used for rapid transit (subway / elevated) fare collection, but it was used by the surface transportation vehicles beginning around 1930; namely the newer model streetcars (Presidential Conference Committee Cars) and even some internal combustion powered bus models of that era as well. Perey Model 48 "HD" on Brooklyn & Queens Transit PCC Car #1001    These models of turnstiles was utilized with both nickels and the "transfer tokens" issued by the surface operators in the 1930's and 1940's: Brooklyn Bus Corporation, Brooklyn & Queens Transit, Board of Transportation - Transit System - Brooklyn Manhattan Transit Division, etc.	Perey Model 55 "Superstyle"
In this area of operation, the surface transfer system had a lot of variations. There were transfers that cost 2 cents, and some were free and some companies charged 3 cents for the transfer. Normally, with a fare box equipped vehicle; a passenger handed their paper transfer to the operator / driver and the passenger proceeded to the rear of the streetcar / bus to find a seat.    The installation of this turnstile hindered that operation. As the turnstile was mounted in the aisle a few feet behind the driver and the passenger now had to pass through it to reach the seating portion of the vehicle - it was accessible only by the passenger. The passenger now needed some form of fare media to activate the turnstile to be able to pass through. Since the transfer had already been prepaid; depositing additional funds was not the answer as that would incur a double payment upon the passenger. The solution laid with the use of transfer tokens to overcome that turnstile obstacle.    When a passenger desired a transfer to another line, it was requested at time of boarding of the first streetcar / bus. The two cent surcharge was paid directly to the operator on the first streetcar or bus, or if it was free; presented the passenger with the applicable paper transfer. When that passenger boarded the second streetcar or bus, they surrendered the paper transfer to the operator; and in turn the operator gave the passenger a transfer token to be deposited into the turnstile, permitting the passenger to proceed through to the back of the streetcar / bus. In no other terms, it was an added labor procedure that accomplished the same end result.    In the case of free transfers, a token was issued just as well to pass through the turnstile; however, it appears very likely that the two different color tokens were used to denote the different fare structure: one for free transfers and the other for 2 cent transfers.    Perhaps at some point, if the companies were steadfastly adamant about retaining the use of the turnstiles and not fareboxes; an electric release for the turnstile operated via push button by the operator would have sufficed, eliminating the need for the transfer tokens.    Despite the initial outlay of producing the token issues, and the labor incurred in handling them; it was the fact that the turnstile took up too much space - its placement in the aisle between the first set of seats; was the ultimate factor against its continued use. Double seats now had to be replaced with single seats, and the seating capacity was reduced by at least four passengers. Or, during rush hour; thirty standing passengers packed in like sardines (just kidding!) - more like maybe ten standees. In either case, it reduced the carrying capacity of fare paying passengers.    Detrimentally its position, in cases of short and sudden stops; standees would bang into it and / or even fall over it. More over, in a situation where passengers needed to get off the bus via the front doors, in case of emergency or when the rear exit doors were blocked by a crowd, the turnstile hindered this exit route.    So, fareboxes remained king of revenue collections on the surface transit vehicles.

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American Turnstile "Low American" - 1932

Manufactured by American Turnstile, model "Low American".    This type of turnstile; was first introduced in 1932. It would come to be the system wide standard, until either a station was renovated; or when the tokens eliminated in 2003.    The only online reference I can find regarding this model, is the 1970 "Rapid Transit Fare Structure and Collection Methods" published by the Institute for Rapid Transit (U.S.).    In this reference it's referred to as the "IND Low American"; which infers it was used on the IND (Board of Transportation) lines.    This reference also lists the Perey Coinpassor as being the "BMT Perey Coinpassor" 1970 "Rapid Transit Fare Structure and Collection Methods" published by the Institute for Rapid Transit (U.S.)    This now leads me to believe the IRT, the BMT and the IND all used different turnstiles. Why this was not obvious before, is my shortcoming. This would make sense as each was its own organization prior to unification in 1940, and only after the second unification would turnstile model ordering be universal for any division.    Research is needed to ascertain if this model was in fact used on BMT and IRT lines as well.

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Perey World's Fair Model - Double Fare - 1939 media: nickel (on exit from subway) and dime (on entrance to subway) 1939-1940

Manufactured by Perey, (model number not known at this time). This type of turnstile; was used for double fare applications, specifically at the 1939-1940 World's Fair at Corona - Flushing Meadows Park.    Double fares were collected at the World's Fair Station of 1939 - 1940 for passengers arriving to visit the location. An extra 5 cents was payable upon exit from the station, making the total fare paid 10 cents.    Departing the World's Fair Station charged 10 cents upon entrance. So in essence, this turnstile was dual fare, dual denomination.    This extra fare was collected to help offset the cost of the temporary subway line extension to the Fair Grounds, which was built at a cost of approximately two million dollars. At the conclusion of the World's Fair, only $500,000 in fares had been collected to offset the cost leaving the Board of Transportation to absorb the remaining balance.    A similar "exit payment" style of turnstile was used from 1956 through 1975 on the IND Rockaway Line south of Howard Beach, and of which also collected a double fare in the means of an extra token upon exit; and for the time span listed.    It is not known at this time if this 1939 Worlds Fare Model Turnstile were repurposed for the Rockaway Double Fare Stations, or a different machine entirely was placed into use.

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Perey Kompak Model 37 - 1939 media: nickel 1921-1948; possibly dime? 1948-1953

A notable feature of the Model 37, is this design was the first to featured a conical turnstile arm arrangement, with the hub mounted at a 45 degree angle to the ground. This allowed for a significantly smaller footprint for the machine on the platform floor.    As a big bulky wooden arm no longer jutted out to the right of the machine and taking up space between turnstiles, another turnstile lane could be placed immediately to the right of this one.    This saving of space allowed more turnstiles to be placed "en block" (several grouped together) and in a row, and hence increasing fare payment capacity for that location.    This was especially beneficial in large stations, such as those at junction points or at terminals, that saw large amounts fare payment traffic.    Simple, utilitarian, compact, easy to clean, easy to maintain. It became the workhorse of the transit system.

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Perey Kompak Round-End Model 97 - 1946 media: nickel 1921 - 1948; dime 1948 - 1953, token: 1953 - 2003

Designed by John Vassos, a renowned industrial designer; of whom was hired to design this new streamlined turnstile by Perey Manufacturing. Streamlining was en vogue, and Vassos applied the look to many items, including Nedick's food outlets, RCA household radios; and the first television and entertainment centers (TV - radio - turntable in cabinets).    Mr. Vassos worked with other notable industrial designers of the time, including but not limited to: Henry Dreyfuss, Raymond Loewy and Norman Bel Geddes; but Mr. Vassos' name is not as well recognized as the others, as he refrained of opening his own firm.    This design featured the conical turnstile arm arrangement as well, which allowing for smaller foot print space. This conical arm arrangement has become the standard configuration for future turnstile models.    Another interesting fact about this model; it was designed for either one way operation (enter only) or two way operation enter and exit).    This is because this would be the first model to be ordered by the Board of Transportation, after the first unification of 1940. As the IRT favored two way use (enter and exit) of turnstiles; yet the BMT and the IND favored one way turnstile use; with exit via swinging gate at the token booth or HXT (High Exit) gates at unmanned locations: 1970 "Rapid Transit Fare Structure and Collection Methods" published by the Institute for Rapid Transit (U.S.)        Eventually is was decided to purchase all the Model 97's two way (enter and exit) and as far as is known, all 97's and later models were two way operation.

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Perey Model 107 - 1950's media: dime 1948-1953, token 1953 - ? half dollar for Aqueduct Special service, 1955-1966, extra large Y cut out token 1966-1979 for Aqueduct Special service
The next model in the evolution of conical arm turnstile.    Design accents bear resemblance to the tail-fins and vertical taillights of 1950's automobiles.    Its open bottom design under the turnstile arms facilitated better sweeping and mopping of the revenue area.    Black. Chrome. Simple. Elegant.

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Duncan Industries Model TC "Token - Coin" - 1978 media: two quarters or token 1978-1980(?)

The first reported installation of this model of turnstile was February 1978 (not 1980, as the Transit Museum interpretive display states in the turnstile section.)    This model of turnstile was an attempt to collect both tokens and coins within a single turnstile. While the kinks had long since been worked out for a multiple coin mechanism in a turnstile; many New Yorkers had been so conditioned to the single token, they were placing the token or quarters in the first slot they saw, and this gave them a 33 percent chance of choosing the correct slot: 33% chance of coin in token slot - 33% chance of token in coin slot - 33% chance correct object in correct slot!    As such, the design was not successful. But this model saw the incorporation of smooth stainless case panels for ease of cleaning and did not require painting.    In any event, the acceptance of tokens and coins made this turnstile a dual fare media.    But kudos to the NYCTA Revenue Department for the attempt!

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Tomsed Turnstile Company Model 110 - 1983 media: token

Not a great deal is known about this model, or its reason for installation.    It could simply be a case of Tomsed being the lowest bidder for the contract.    Tomsed is known to also manufactured the new stainless steel one way High Exit Gates. Perhaps a deal was reached where the NYCTA would take 5000 High Exit Gates, and 500 turnstiles on an approval basis, but this is unconfirmed.    Brushed stainless steal case with minimal seams and smooth joints make for easier sanitizing, especially when the "token suckers" were at their height. Did not require painting and was better for keeping internal mechanisms free of dust and dirt.    Tomsed was purchased by Boon Edam in 2005, a Dutch company that also specializes in gates, turnstiles and other revenue controlled access items.    Research will be forthcoming.

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AFC Turnstile (Cubic) Automatic Revenue Collection Group - 1992 media: token or MetroCard

This turnstile was released into public use initially as a token only machine in 1992    However, its original design was fully intended to and was upgraded to include an electronic fare payment method such as the MetroCard, when said system rolled out at a later date, which was 1997.    In taking tokens and MetroCard, made this turnstile dual fare media.    These turnstiles were also designed to deter fare-evaders by turnstile jumping. The sloped top caps on left and right prevent a flat and level placement of hands, and the inverted U tubes and uprights towards the exit, limit the headroom and arm placement when hopping over. As always, the determined fare evader still found ways to circumvent paying their fare, but the instances were reduced.    These are the last turnstiles to have been built with token acceptance in mind. Again, stainless was the material for the case.    With the abolishment of token use in 2003; the token slots were capped and this machine became MetroCard Only.    The machines are expected to have the internal MetroCard computer readers exchanged for OMNY computers and RFID pads mounted on top by 2024.

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Perey "Coin Passor" High Entrance Exit Turnstile "HEET":  ca. 1945 - the "Iron Maiden" Perey Manufacturing media: nickel, dime or token
	left: Perey Manufacturing model "Coin Passor" - ca. 1945  and American Turnstile 1931 - ca.1945 (not shown)    These turnstiles were coin - mechanical operated from 1945 to 1953 and then operated by tokens (only) after that date.    A farepayer deposited a coin or token into the slot on top, and then pressed a plunger inwards from the front, which released a mechanism which allowed the passenger to rotate the turnstile while entering. After 120 degrees of rotation, the turnstile locked, until the next coin / token deposit and plunger activation.     These are used at low traffic egresses of stations, where token booths may have been part time, or a passageway where a change or token booth may have been impractical due to space restrictions.    In another consideration for their use, was when budgetary shortfalls became common place within the transit system in the late 1960's through the 1980's; these High Entrance Exit Turnstiles could be installed, replacing a part time or full time change / token clerk position.  right: unknown manufacturer ca. 1993    This style have replaced the older mild steel straight armed "iron maidens" with curved (for better ergonomics) 304 stainless steel tubular models beginning around 1993. These are cleaner, and of a more open design for those that may have claustrophobia.    The open perforated screen design also prevented the hiding of a potential mugger or other criminal in the blind spots behind the sheet metal panel of the older style.    These were able to take tokens, then token and MetroCard; and upon retirement of the token in 2003, MetroCard only.    These will be adapted to take the new Omny touchless payment card.
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One Way High Exit Gate "HXT" media: none
This is called a High EXit Turnstile; but technically speaking, it is not a turnstile.    It is a one way gate, as there was no method of payment to enter through the device from either direction.    The design incorporates a one way ratcheting mechanism to prevent unpaid entry, but freewheels in the exit direction.    Inclusion here is because their use often coincided and were mounted next to or in close proximity to the High Entrance Exit Turnstile model above.    As a kid, they could be fun to lock your little brother or sister in, by holding the bars from moving further once they were in the wedge shaped area where they could neither get in or get out; until a quick smack from your mother made you let them out. ☺    They remain significant hazards in cases of rapid evacuation, such as smoke conditions, fire, rapid flooding, derailments, acts of crime or terror attacks. But, as they are strictly mechanical, they work in loss of power conditions.

Turnstile Addendum

   Prior to the rise in fare from 5 cent to 10 cents, on July 1, 1948; BoT turnstile mechanics installed new 10 cent mechanisms in half the turnstiles throughout the system that accept a dime, however these were taped over. Leaving about 50 percent of the turnstiles still accepting nickels. At 12:01 am on July 1; the tape was removed from the dime turnstiles and placed over the nickel turnstiles, until these turnstiles could be converted to dime operation.

Turnstile technician performing maintenance on a Perey Kompak Round-End Model 97. image courtesy of the New York Transit Museum image archives	Rail clerk Vera Turner's first duty at midnight was to empty the tokens from the turnstiles at the subway station at 42nd Street and Seventh Avenue Station in Manhattan, NY - January 4, 1972 image courtesy of Newsday

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The case for the token operated turnstile.

   When it comes to mass transit revenue collection, especially on the scale of the New York City system; a single coin rejection or jam at a turnstile would mean that that turnstile being occupied or out of service until it was operable again. Rectifying the issue could take anywhere from minutes (for a token clerk to come out from the booth and clear the mechanism, if there were no customers to be served) to hours or even a day or more, when a technician from the revenue department would come to exchange the jammed or faulty mechanism with an operable unit.
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   Some people have asked, why couldn't US coinage (nickels, dimes, quarters, and such) be used as the standard medium for payment and eliminate the token? While this sounds like a plausible enough suggestion, let us look at that inquiry a bit more in-depth.

   Naturally, the process for fare payment when it was a nickel or a dime was simple enough for a single coin. But, when fare hikes were approved to keep in line with rising costs of maintaining service, patrons would in no way tolerate a 150% jump in fare from 10 cents to 25 cents just so the transit system could keep a single coin fare. As it was, the fare increase in 1948 from 5 cents to 10 cents was a 100% increase and still constituted single coin use. And we all know how that hike was met, by public and politicians alike - it is a extremely well covered topic by newspapers and transit enthusiast publications!

   As the fare would be expected to rise over the decades, so would have the need for more and more coins of different denominations and combinations to be deposited to activate a turnstile. So fare increase increments were kept to 5 cents as long as feasible, but eventually as we have also come to see, those fare raises in nickel increments became insufficient to keep up with and cover the increased costs of operations. So the increment amounts of the fare hike were increased to 10 and 15 cents; to today, where a 25 cent raise in fare is just "normal". There was even a 50 cent hike in the transit fare back in 2013.

   This table below shows the combinations of both the most through the least amount of coins that would be required to activate the turnstile for that given fare amount. Bold text indicated single coin operations. Also, please note that "odd amount" bus fares of the 1953 through 1956 (7 cents and 13 cents) and where pennies were needed to pay the fare or make change are not shown as they did not incur turnstile operations.

5¢:	1 nickel
10¢:	2 nickels	1 dime
15¢	3 nickels	or 1 dime and 1 nickel
20¢:	4 nickels	or 2 dimes
25¢:	5 nickels	or 2 dimes and 1 nickel	or 1 quarter	The NYCTA never collected a 25¢ cent fare - it went from 20¢ to 30¢.
30¢:	6 nickels	or 3 dimes	or 1 quarter and 1 nickel
35¢:	7 nickels	or 3 dimes and 1 nickel	or 1 quarter and 1 dime
50¢:	10 nickels	or 5 dimes	or 2 quarters	or 1 half dollar	as far as is known, the NYCTA did not accept half dollars in turnstiles or bus fare boxes, only token dispensers and token booths accepted them for payment (with reluctance).
60¢:	12 nickels	or 6 dimes	or 2 quarters and 1 dime	or 1 half dollar and 1 dime	or 1 half dollar and 2 nickels
75¢:	15 nickels	or 7 dimes and 1 nickel	or 3 quarters	or 1 half dollar and 1 quarter	or 1 half dollar and 2 dimes and 1 nickel	or 1 half dollar and 3 nickels
90¢:	18 nickels	or 9 dimes	or 3 quarters and 1 dime and 1 nickel	or 1 half dollar and 4 dimes	or 1 half dollar and 8 nickels
$1.00:	20 nickels	or 10 dimes	or 4 quarters	or 2 half dollars	or 1 half dollar and 2 quarters	or 1 dollar coin
$1.15:	23 nickels	or 11 dimes and 1 nickel	or 4 quarters, 1 dime and 1 nickel	or 2 half dollars, 1 dime and 1 nickel	or 1 dollar coin and 3 nickels	or 1 dollar coin, 1 dime and 1 nickel
$1.25:	25 nickels	or 12 dimes and 1 nickel	or 5 quarters	or 2 half dollar coins and 1 quarter	or 1 dollar coin and 5 nickels	or 1 dollar coin and 1 quarter,
$1.50:	30 nickels	or 15 dimes	or 6 quarters	or 3 half dollars	or 1 dollar coin and 5 dimes or 10 nickels	or 1 dollar coin and 2 quarters

   Now, despite the availability of the half dollar coins (Walking Liberty: 1916 - 1947; Franklin: 1948 - 1963; and Kennedy: 1963 to present) and Eisenhower dollar coins (introduced in 1971), they were not popular coins as a media of exchange or payment. These coins were considered too bulky and heavy in one's pockets.

   The Susan B. Anthony dollar, released in 1979, was also poorly received by US citizens for general circulation, not so much as due to weight as it was smaller than the Eisenhower dollar and smaller even than the Kennedy half dollar, but because its size and color was easily confused with the quarter; hence its derogatory name the "Carter Quarter". US citizens, especially the NYC transit patron; were steadfastly committed to the nickel, dime and quarter as means of fare payment.

   And keep this in mind - some passengers lived in areas under-served by rapid transit lines that required a bus ride on top of the subway / elevated trip. This meant paying a double fare! So some poor sap might have to pay a fare twice just to get to work or go home each and every day. Now imagine carrying twice the amount of change (four trips).

   Visualize if you will, a subway patron attempting to place 30 nickels or 15 dimes into a turnstile while trying to catch their train pulling in? "Did I put in 9 dimes or 10?" "Oops - I dropped my change!!" "I put too many quarters in; Mr. Token Clerk, can you give me a refund? What do you mean no?!?!?"

   If this is not bad enough, picture this scenario but now during rush hour; with passengers attempting to place the correct quantity of coins into their respective differently sized slots on a turnstile with accuracy and quickly, while more and more people are lining up behind them, to use the turnstiles themselves, clamoring "Hey buddy! Move it will ya? - I gotta catch that train!" (This is New York - nobody is patient!)

   If any of you remember the old cigarette vending machines or cafeteria food vending machines where a customer stood there for what seemed like 20 minutes (while you waited your turn behind them) pumping change into the coin slot to make their purchase (ah, the days of the nickel or dime Horn & Hardart Automat), you will understand. In those cases, no one was really in too much of a rush.

   But in the hustle and bustle of mass transit, with hundreds to thousands of people filtering through a single station at rush hour; each and every turnstile needed to be reliable, at the ready, and any potential for mechanical trouble kept to the barest of minimums.

   This is not to say, the NYCTA did not attempt to try coin operated turnstiles or other innovative ideas, even in later years. But these turnstiles failed for the exact reasons listed above and as stated in the article below:

   Rapid transit = rapid fare payment. So yes, in this hyper-fast paced world of fare collection on a mass transit system; the single token was the sane choice. Simple. Secure. Durable. Versatile. Reliable. Convenient. And cost effective for the issuing agencies.

   So it was realized, the single token was the quickest, most reliable method for fast, efficient payment of fares in a high traffic, quick paced, mass transit situation. Transit patrons would need to go to the token booth and slide multiple coins or bills through to the clerk who would exchange them for a token (or multiples of tokens for later use) and the turnstiles became token operated instead of coin operated. It was a simple matter of the old adage "KISS" or "Keep It Simple, Stupid". Accepting multiple denomination of coins at the turnstiles meant more coins to process which meant more complicated mechanisms. If the turnstile had room for a sorting method, that meant three tubs. Not enough room, meant all the coins in one tub, to be sorted by the clerk. Using one token kept the mechanism simple and its reliability high.

   Furthermore, with subsequent fare hikes, the size or magnetic property of the token could be changed to prevent the hoarding of, and prevent the use of lower value tokens. Furthermore, it was a security measure as well: changing the size or properties of a token prevented older generations of slugs from being used via a new size token.

   To compare this to modern day turnstile operations, look at the delays that took place at the turnstiles when the MetroCard was first introduced. If you were not holding and swiping the card correctly, the turnstile would not read the MetroCard and release causing a back up of patrons waiting to pay, or with modern vending machines that repeated reject authentic dollar bills or reject good coinage.

   The odd thing is, payment of fare was done with multiples of coinage like above on the surface modes of transportation - but the driver had to watch the coins hitting the drop plate to verify the correct and full fare was paid. It worked here due to the slower nature of fare collection: one person at a time, steps up onto the bus, change at the ready to deposit into the fare box and the driver visually verifying the drop of coins before pressing the accepting lever.

   Not to mention security issues: no change in the size slot on the turnstiles could take place to deter prevent slug use with US coin usages; whereas in regard to tokens, the single token size could be changed to discourage and prevent the of using slugs.

   Another positive attribute to token use, is such that single coin operation lends itself very well to prepayment. A pack of ten tokens is significantly less cumbersome than say a roll of 40 or 50 coins of equal value to the tokens.

Page 2 - Second Unification: New York City Transit Authority - City Wide Issues - 1953 - 2003

Coins and Tokens for Streetcars & Buses
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Until 1969, the method of collecting fares on trolleys / streetcars and buses was a little different than on their rapid transit counterparts.    When you boarded the trolley / streetcar, you either paid the conductor; or in growing cases of one man operation after 1930, you paid the motorman / operator / driver.    But whomever was in charge of actually collecting fares, they would be able to make change as well. As such, they had a portable coin changer (an example of which can be scene at right), and of which was clipped to their waist band as can be seen in the photograph at below right. This coin changer was part of their regular duties and uniform "kit".    Coin changers could have four, five, six or even more "barrels", the number of which depending on the denominations of coins that were accepted, and that needed to be given in change. Usual configurations were one for pennies, two for nickels, one for dimes, and one for quarters; or one penny, one nickel, one dime, one quarter and one token. Custom coin changers could be ordered if the conductor only needed to handle minimal types of coins: say, only nickels and tokens.    Furthermore, if you required a transfer to a connecting line, you paid the extra fare (usually 1 or 2 cents) and were issued a specially marked token (as mentioned in the chapter above) which would be kept in one of the barrels of the coin changer or a cardboard ticket (mentioned in the chapter below).    Tokens and these early cardboard tickets were not marked for date, so abuse of the transfer system by traveling on two separate dates was possible and growing more frequent.    This abuse was curtailed in later era of operations around the turn of the Century. This is when dated paper ticket transfers began to be issued and mass produced for use on the intersecting lines (see paper transfers below).    When the last models of streetcars made their entrance into the scene in the 1930's: the "PCC car" (or Presidents' Conference Committee Car), the conductor's position became superfluous and all revenue handling was done by the operator.    The motorman / operator now had to make change, issue transfers, as well as whatever other duties that were inherent to operating the trolley / streetcar, including but not limited to: changing the direction of the trolley pole at the end of a run, moving manually operated track switches (with a pry bar) so as to change route to a branch line off a main trunk line, cleaning rubbish, flipping the seats to face the traveling direction if so required, tallying the fares, giving directions, etc.    Actually operating the streetcar or trolley itself on tracks was pretty straightforward: start, slow and stop, with no steering obviously.

Privately operated bus fare raised to 13 cents - January 5, 1954 through December 30, 1955
image courtesy of the New York City Transit Museum archives
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Model D - Manual	But with the advent of the internal combustion bus, bus stops were relocated to the curbside out of traffic lanes and now drivers had to steer the bus in and out of the stops as well as swerve in and out of traffic.    When considering a bus driver had to collect fares, make change, issue transfers, collect transfers (and make sure they were valid on both date, time as from an appropriate connecting route), keep tallies of same; on the rare occasion assist a passenger in boarding or alighting from the bus, let alone actually driving the bus (especially in congested traffic), making change was a distraction that could be eliminated. Especially when a passenger realized last minute they needed change or a transfer for a connecting line and the bus was already moving towards the stop!  Driving and making change did not make for a good combination, but they did it.    Early fare boxes had a crank on the side that the driver had to rotate (like a coffee grinder) to sort and count the change which then dropped into the coin box below.    In New York City, these were the Johnson Farebox, Manual D Model and can be seen at left (please note: this is the only the upper sorting and counting portion only; the coin box / pedestal is not seen in the photo.)    Note that the Model D did not accept quarter dollars - only pennies, nickels, dimes and one size of token.	Model K25 (early version)
	The next farebox to be installed on NYCTA buses were Johnson Model K25 seen at right. These were simplified for operation with the lever instead of a crank to drop the coins.    It also had a coin drawer for rejects or if the operator needed change to refill his manual coin changer. This model accepted: pennies; nickels, dimes, quarter dollars; as well as two sizes of tokens.    This model too sat upon a floor mounted pedestal that was enclosed on three sides and acted as a storage cubby for the driver.

   
   Keep in mind the NYCTA did accept pennies until at least 1955, as they were being used by bus drivers and trolley operators to make change for 2 cent, 6 cent and 7 cent continuing ride tickets, and the 13 cent bus fares.   

   Around 1966, a new problem surfaced - the armed robbery of bus drivers. Robbers were brandishing a knife or a firearm, and relieving the driver of his change maker and the change within the farebox. Remember, at this time, the driver had access to the change to replenish his change maker or to empty the farebox at the end of the route. When aggregated at the end of a shift, meant the fareboxes could hold a few hundred dollars.

   Until this point, the problem was isolated to perhaps two or three drivers getting robbed a year. We shall discuss the details of Bus Change Maker & Farebox Robberies in greater detail in the Fare Crimes chapter below.

		Also by this point in time, the Johnson Farebox Company had been bought out by Keene.    Keene kept the Johnson model numbers but substituted their name. Seen at left and right is the Keene Model K25 / K50.    The Keene Model K50 is almost identical in outward appearance to the K25, with the added internal feature to accept half dollar coins. We definitely know the K25 were installed in NYCTA buses, but the K50 is unconfirmed.    While the first version of the K25 had a open three sided pedestal (as seen in the above chapter at right), the second version of the K25 / K50 had totally enclosed pedestals and was now equipped with a double key locked coin vault drawer.    The image at far left is the front of the newer K25 / K50 unit (facing the operator / driver). Note that the reject drawer has been eliminated, and a chrome slot for holding daily trip reports mounted on the pedestal.    The image to the immediate left, is the back of the unit (facing the passengers) with the vault drawer in the open position, to show its placement and mounting.    The vault drawer required two keys: one to unlock it and allow removal from pedestal, the other key to actually open the drawer lid.    The first key, allowed personnel at the bus depot, aptly called a "vault puller"; to remove the drawer from the bus and bring to the count room, but not allow him to access the coins to prevent theft.    A second key was kept in the count room, and it was this key that actually opened the drawer and allowed it to be emptied of coinage for sorting and counting.    A further evolution of the Model K25/K50 was the K25M3; and were those units manufactured after 1979, which were now equipped to also accept the Susan B. Anthony dollar coins and of which we know the Transit Authority also accepted.    This lockable vault drawer could hold more than the old built in coin reservoir and the drivers change maker.
K25 / K50 (second version) (operators side showing coin counters)	K25 / K50 (second version) (passenger side - showing vault drawer)

On August 31, 1969, bus drivers were relieved of the responsibility of making change, and buses went to exact fare only.       But the criminal element adapted and now brought crowbars with them.    So this led to another, even more secure; design of pedestal. The answer lay in doing away with the removable vault drawers altogether. The Sealed Farebox    They were removed from the pedestals; and coins now dropped into a sealed coin vault mounted directly to the floor of the bus; and within the pedestal.    This sealed coin vault was equipped with a bayonet type hose coupler on the side.

The lug on the bayonet opened a latched door (215) allowing the coins to flow into the perforated "catch basin" (205).    While the patent drawing at left shows both coins (70) and paper money (60); NYCTA buses did not accept paper currency, and the coin bin (210) took up the space alloted for paper currency (200).    A vacuum powered coin collector and processor (22) was installed at bus depots throughout the city around 1971-1972. An advertisement for this system seen at above right.    The patent filing date is September 29, 1971, with the patent being granted on October 22, 1974. The assignee for the patent is the Keene Corp.    Upon pulling into the depot at the end of a run, a revenue collecting agent hooked up the end of the hose to the port on the farebox, and activated the vacuum.    As the air rushed into the perforations to fill the vacuum, it provided pneumatic force to the coins flowing down and the vacuum drew the coins into the hose and into the collector unit for sorting and counting.

    The vacuum unit was large, and it was quite powerful - it could evacuate the contents of the sealed fare box vault in 20 seconds or less. As the unit required electricity to operate the vacuum as well as contained electronics for sorting and accounting, it was not portable. This elaborate, stationary and very secure system made it difficult, practically impossible for robbery of the fareboxes, not to mention the bus depots had many personnel milling about instead of a single vulnerable person. This, finally solved the problem of farebox robberies.

   Returning to farebox models; several subsequent models of fareboxes came to be installed on NYCTA buses, that accepted the MetroCard, dollar bills, as well as printing out MetroCard bus transfers, and now the OMNY contactless card.

   Also, it should be noted that many of the private bus lines operating under franchises in the City of New York, such as: Fifth Avenue Coach, Surface Transit, Triboro Coach and Green Bus Lines to name but a few; had different fare boxes entirely - many were known to use the Grant Electrofarer, seen here:

Note the change maker at top left corner!

Page 2 - Second Unification: New York City Transit Authority - City Wide Issues - 1953 - 2003

Paper Transfers

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   Several factors led to the creation and issuance of dated / time stamped disposable paper transfer. The first was the cost of the metallic token. Initial set up costs were more expensive than paper counterparts.

   Second, with the growing amount of abuse by passengers who would hold onto a transfer token for use on a later date and getting two rides for the price of one; and with the growth of franchise routes within New York expanding where some companies would honor a transfer and others would not, and with various companies beginning to merge into larger companies; a much more elaborate transfer was required. One where a list of locations of applicable transfer points were location, and where a date and a time could be listed. Tokens did not have the room for this data. But, a paper slip did. When printed on pulp paper, the most economical of manufactured paper types, they were priced just right for mass production and short term use and disposability.

   There were dozens of printers specializing in transfer printing, and many patents issued for their specific design: Pope, Stedman, Smith, Moran are just a few of those found on New York transfers. Printers were a proud lot and many tickets and transfers include the name of the printer. But even more importantly, a list of locations or intersecting line where the transfer was accepted at was most prominent followed by some method of time punch

   Some companies such as the New York & Brooklyn Bridge Railroad and the Interborough Rapid Transit Co. used different printers over time, but kept a very similar design. Some started with a nice intaglio engraved printed ticket and ended 25 years later with a muddy lithographic issue. If one is interested to collect by printer variety, this can be rewarding yet challenging. Some of these are highlighted in the ticket page.

   As the 20th Century marched on, the number of ticket and transfer printers slowly whittled down; either through attrition; merger or business closure. When companies change, the references for collections and archives often are destroyed, thus creating difficulties when trying to document what was actually made and when.

   Coinciding with the First Unification in 1940, Globe Ticket Co. became the predominant ticket printer for the New York City Transit System. As a "union shop", that designation was a criteria in the awarding of contracts from the Board of Transportation and subsequently the New York City Transit Authority. But visual evidence also shows Elliott Ticket Company, National Ticket and Southern Coupon as receiving ticket or transfer contracts.

   New York City Transit Authority had their own "in house" printing shop for service notice signs and small run items and it seems that some tickets were produced there as well.

   With the issuance of dated one time use paper tickets or transfers. Further development of the time transfer narrowed usage to AM and PM or even specifically to the hour.

Page 3 - Rapid Transit Continuing Ride Tickets & Transfers
Page 4 - Trolley / Street Car Continuing Ride Tickets & Transfers
Page 5 - Bus Continuing Ride Tickets & Transfers

Zone Checks - The Oddball of the Fare Collection Methods

also known as the "Pay Enter - Pay Leave" fare method

   Zone checks are to say the least known, least used and perhaps one of the most unusual facets of fare collection in New York City.

   The "fixed fare" also known as "Pay Enter" method were prevalent for almost all of the surface transit operations in New York City, including almost all of the private trolley operators, the Board of Transportation and later the Transit Authority operations afterwards. They did not use the zone system in their fare systems (with one or two notable exceptions) and as their systems were based on a universal one fare payable upon boarding the streetcars or bus.

   But several of the private streetcar and later bus operators located in Queens (and I think one in the Bronx as well) utilized another system: the "Pay Enter / Pay Leave" method. This method required the use of "Zone Checks".

   This system was efficient for average to low passenger traffic routes covering large distances. Zone checks were originally developed for use on long distance interurban trolley runs and naturally with trolleys being replaced by buses, their use was retained.

   As it would be duplicitous to run several trolleys buses along the same route, with one being assigned to short distance between Point A and Point B, a second for intermediate distances to Point A to Point C and a third from Point A to the remainder of the route to Point D. Furthermore, this would require additional operators as well.

   Furthermore, having individual trolleys or buses for each segment along the same route would require the inconvenience of a passenger having to transfer trolleys / buses in inclement weather and/or wait for a connecting trolley bus to arrive.

   Therefore, one long route was divided into multiple segments along a single route and each segment defined as an individual zone. The fare would based on an initial fare within one zone (intra-zone) AND the distance traveled to another zone (inter-zone). Each zone could have a single or multiple stops.

   But, to be able to tell which zone a passenger boarded at, required some form of accounting device. Enter the "Zone Check". Zone checks could be color coded tokens made of metal or plastic, and lettered or numbered. They could also be color coded cardboard chits of different sizes (to avoid confusion or mistake) or they can be plain black ink on paper tickets. Each operator preferred their own system; but in essence basically operated the same way. The operators in Queens seemed to have preferred the cardboard variety.

   The way the pay enter / pay leave system works is thus: the bus company charged increasing fares for multiple zones, and this is only an example. A company could charge varying rates per zone, and not necessarily in equal increments:

within each Zone (intra-zone)	10 cents
from Zone 1 to Zone 2 or Zone 2 to Zone 3 (inter-zone):	20 cents
from Zone 1 to Zone 3 (inter-zone):	30 cents

  
   When a passenger boarded the trolley or bus, they paid the base fare or the intra-zone fare: 10 cents. Some of these operators also issued their own base fare tokens, which could be used instead of US coinage and of which, could be offered in discount for certain pre-purchase quantities. The driver / operator then handed the passenger a zone check apropos to their boarding location; for those boarding in Zone 1, they received a Zone 1 check; those boarding in Zone 2 were issued a Zone 2 check and obviously, those boarding in Zone 3, Zone 3 checks (and if there were more zones, a Zone Check representing their boarding zone). This is the "Pay Enter" portion of fare payment.

   As the trolley or bus proceeded along its route, and as passengers were disembarking at their stops in each zone, the passenger returned their Zone Check to the operator who informed them of their remaining fare; and of which the passenger paid. This was the "Pay Leave" portion of their fare.

   For example: passenger 'A' boards at the start of the run in Jamaica which is in Zone 1, pays the 10 cent base fare so the driver hands them a Zone 1 Check. Passenger 'B' boards pays the 10 cents and that passenger is also handed a Zone 1 check. A few blocks later, passenger 'B' goes to get off the bus, hands the Zone 1 check back to the driver, and nothing more is owed as the passenger was aboard for only one zone of travel. A few miles later, the bus enters Zone 2. Passenger 'C' boards, and pays the 10 cents base fare. The bus driver gives the passenger a Zone 2 Check. Several miles later, the bus arrives in Zone 3. As the passenger 'C' gets off the bus, and hands back to the driver their Zone 2 Check, the driver / operator informs them they owe 10 cents more is due. Passenger 'A' returns the Zone 1 check back to the driver; who informs the passenger that 20 cents more is due.

And obviously, the system will work with even more zones, if necessary.    Ultimately, the driver collected the appropriate base fare (intra-zone) from the passengers upon boarding and then again (inter-zone) based on their distance upon their disembarking pursuant to the Zone Check issued when they boarded.      It sounds more complicated than it is, but in actuality, it really was not.    Furthermore, it is essential to note that most of the private bus operators operating in Queens fielded fleets of buses (also known as coaches); that were built without mid-body exit doors, as commonly seen on Board of Transportation, NYCTA and MaBSTOA buses.    For some of the Queens operators, one set of doors at the front by the driver was sufficient for both entrance and exit; as seen in the image at right of a coach for Steinway Omnibus built by Mack Trucks in 1939.    However, some companies would operate both types of buses (with and without mid-body doors); with buses equipped with center doors assigned to routes within single zones of operations.

   Zone checks could be found issued in token form (seen in both metal and plastic), as well as paper and cardboard issues. As far as is known, none of the Queens operators used zone check tokens, opting for paper or chipboard checks instead. But it is known the several Queens private bus lines used metallic tokens for both general fare payment, as well as tokens used as transfers.

   To date, only one known surface traction (trolley) company used a zoned fare system within the City of New York: that being the Manhattan & Queens Traction Corp. There might be others, but they have not come to light as yet.

   The M&QT operated a line encompassing from the Manhattan Terminal of the Queensboro Bridge, to the LIRR / Trolley Terminal, in Jamaica, Queens.
Zone 1 began at the Manhattan Terminal of the Queensboro Bridge, routed over the Queensboro Bridge, and along Queens Boulevard to Grand Street in Elmhurst. (This was changed in 1920) to Old Mill Road (and is now known as 63rd Road / Junction Boulevard) in Elmhurst.
Zone 2 began at Grand Avenue in Elmhurst; to the LIRR Jamaica Terminal on Sutphin Boulevard.

   M&QT fares prior to the Zoned System were 6 to 11 cents. When it requested of and was approved by the PSC to emplace a zoned fare system on November 1, 1923; the fare became 5 cents for Zone 1 travel, 5 cents for Zone 2 travel, and 3 cents for the Queensboro Bridge Local Line. The M&QT would recharter itself into the Manhattan & Queens Bus Corp, and operate the Q60 - Queens Boulevard bus line. In 1943, the company was bought out by Green Bus.

   Several of the private bus lines also issued Add-A-Ride supplemental fare tickets to be used in conjunction with the NYCTA's Add-A-Ride Tickets when introduced in 1975 as well.

Page 2 - 20th Century Issues - Tokens for General Fare payment / Tokens for transfer issues

Page 5 - Bus Continuing Ride Tickets, Transfers & Zone Checks
Page 6 - Add-A-Ride Tickets

  

The Best of Many Worlds

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   As we now see, there is a place in fare control for tokens, tickets, transfers, zone checks, as well as coins and currency. Every revenue source needed to be documented to provide proper service and accounting, whether it be general admission or a special admittance.

   Tokens were extremely well suited for a general, heavy, repetitive use. Future issues, as well as older issues; could be stored for future use; as well as repurposed. And, when necessary, at the end of their service life, they could be sold for scrap for the base metal content. 

   Tokens for a limited application such as in exchange for transfers could be produced in much more limited numbers than say tokens to be used as a general widespread method of fare payment. When used in general fare applications, they were without any doubt; a significant initial investment and for the long term, and especially so in the scope of New York City where many millions of tokens were needed - later token orders were in quantities of 50 to 60 million tokens! Why so many?

   Granted, you had your single or two token users such as tourists and business visitors that were only in town for only a day or two; as well as residents that did not travel frequently via mass transit, such as the elderly, the physically handicapped, or even an able bodied user that mostly commuted by automobile, and all of a sudden finds their vehicle in the shop

   But you also had to consider the regular commuter who would buy packs of tokens in multiples of 10, for coming work weeks. Four million people use the New York City subway on an average workday.  If only fifty percent of those regular commuter passengers purchased a single 10 pack, that was 20 million tokens not in circulation at any given moment. And a lot more than the fifty percent of regular commuters bought ten packs for convenience every week or two packs every two weeks.

   This figure does not include those tokens actually in circulation at that precise moment: those in the turnstiles, waiting to be sold at the token booths, (or where applicable) in stock at banks or major retailers for convenience sale; nor doe the amount account for those held in reserve by the NYCTA. Tokens held in reserve gradually replaced those accidentally or intentionally brought home by tourists as souvenirs; but also for the more prosaic reasons: being lost, eventually worn out (it might take a while, but tokens did reach a point of being so worn they became problematic) or damaged. Furthermore, tokens in reserve were used as a buffer in those times when a raise in fare was announced and passengers were hoarding tokens in the hope to save a few dollars.

   Tickets and transfers on the other hand, were very well suited for those applications only requiring a one time use, whether it be for a general continued trip such as a bus transfer or for specific controlled access like a block ticket.

   Paper tickets and transfers were cheap to mass produce, customizable for use or location, carry a significant amount information pertaining to their use and redemption. Quality was not paramount, only legibility. Ink coverage could be inconsistent; they were printed on the most economical of pulp papers (a few exceptions outstanding), and not always cut squarely. Basic issues could be printed ahead of time (lacking the date, serial number or route number) and stored for short periods; however they were susceptible to absorbing moisture and could take on a musty odor.

   This detriment aside, they would be dated as needed by method in the printing industry called "crashing". Multiple daters on a press would imprint the date onto the pre-printed transfer. While serial numbering would advance sequentially, the date stayed as set and both were usually printed at the same time in red ink.

   Depending on the day of the week, as little as five hundred to ten thousand transfers could be printed per route, per day (with weekends and holidays generally having a lower printing run than workdays) and depending on the passenger traffic: trunk route received more traffic than say a several block shuttle line to a cemetery.

   Once used, they were expected to be disposed of. Chopped upon presentation to the gateman, or in later eras; simply dumped in a landfill. Many a bus driver reused his brown paper lunch bag as a trash bag for transfers. When they got off the bus at the end of their shift - the bag wound up in the curbside trash receptacle. Only in recent years, were the transfers accumulated and disposed of in a recycling bin at the depot.

   All things being equal, both these fiscal issues and others; were necessary to providing transportation services on a large scale. The accurate collection and accounting of fare payment is as important to management as providing the transportation service itself.
   

250 Hudson Street to 370 Jay Street 

   The building at 250 Hudson Street was not owned by the Board of Transportation, but leased from the Federal Government. This location was the original headquarters of the Board of Transportation.

   The Board of Transportation occupied 10 floors of the 14 story building. It has been stated, the lofts at 250 Hudson Street were drafty, prone to water leaking in around the windows and it was also directly adjacent to Freeman Plaza / the entrance to the Holland Tunnel and was quite noisy and reeked of automobile / truck exhaust, and keep in mind this was before air conditioning!

   Therefore, a new centralized headquarters that was owned outright by the Board of Transportation; had been proposed beginning in 1938. It was intended from the very beginning to consolidate the operations of the IRT, BMT and IND Divisions under one roof. The criteria for the new location was, the property was to be owned by the City of New York; and for it to be close to subway lines.

   This included the central location of the Transit Authority board of directors and officials, police department, clerical staff; train dispatching center, radio communications center, among other departments; including the revenue counting room and vaults.

   Three locations were proposed: 15 Park Row in Manhattan, property located at Broadway & Houston Street in Manhattan, and at 370 Jay Street in Brooklyn.

 

Ultimately, the Jay Street location in Brooklyn was chosen, and construction began in late 1948 and completed in 1951.    The Board of Transportation had been planning to relocate for years, but contractual issues delayed the relocation. In 1951, the US Government ordered the Board of Transportation to vacate 250 Hudson Street, as the General Services Administration and the Navy needed the space. So, in a grand rush, the Board of Transportation relocated before the building as 370 Jay Street was completely finished. You can read this in detail in the March 31, 1951 New York Times article below.    And it is here, in this this building and on the second floor; the holiest of holy areas in the NYCTA universe was created: the count rooms and vaults.    Here, coins and currency were counted, wrapped, bundled and placed into rolling strong boxes. Millions of tokens stored in bags of 10,000 - new tokens to be rolled out when a raise in fare was to take place to prevent hoarding - or kept in storage when a token change was deemed unnecessary. Old token issues retained and stored for future use, or waiting to be scrapped for metal content.    But most importantly, the accounting of revenue could take place for all divisions in one locations; as well at the secure storage of coins, currency, tokens, tickets, and other high value revenue items; which could be stored under the tightest of security; in that location.

The counting room and revenue transfer corridors from the subway tunnels were not secrets!

   Again, by reading the New York Times articles above, it was planned from the very beginning to have "money cars" brought to the basement of the new building, wherever it was decided that construction was to take place.

   So, as can be read from the following three New York Times articles beginning in 1938; it was NO SECRET the money room was to be located in this facility. It was was NO SECRET that subterranean tunnels were to connect the money room directly to the subway tunnels for direct revenue transfer. It was NO SECRET one of these doors opened directly to the IND Jay Street - Borough Hall Station.

   How these rumors of "secret" tunnels, vaults, railroad cars and other bits of history gets started, I have no idea. But it is quite frustrating to witness casual everyday people get duped into believing fallacies started by some johnny-come-lately blog or social media influencer for "clicks", "likes" and "shares"; and worse still when the Transit Museum calls it a "secret".

   Valery Legasov said it best: "Every lie we tell, incurs a debt to the truth." This author is here to collect the debt.

   What the counting room was, was not open to the public or even non-revenue personnel. It was a highly restricted area; but hardly a secret. As you can see: the newspapers knew about it, non-revenue NYCTA personnel knew about it. Non-assigned Transit Police knew about it. Transit buffs knew about it.

   Just because one is not allowed to go in it, does not make something "a secret". Just as the current combined revenue facility in Ridgewood, Queens - it is where all the revenue goes now. Its existence is not a secret, but admittance is restricted. The general public up to and including USAF personnel without proper security clearance are not allowed to access Minuteman ICBM silos, but their existence are not secrets either. The United Stated Bullion Depository "Fort Knox" or the New York Federal Reserve Bank gold vault are not secrets either; but you guessed it; people that do not have clearance to enter, aren't allowed to be admitted. But again, none of these locations are "secrets."

Note the image above - it is looking out of the transfer tunnel for the Revenue Collection Train from the IND Jay Street Borough Hall Station. Some "secret."

 

   To collect these vast amounts of revenue, resulted in a very unique facet of the revenue collection operation; the “money train”. Again - as can be read articles above - it was intended from the beginning to have "money cars" collect the fare proceeds from stations. Money trains had already been tried on the IRT - it was only a matter of adding them and a receiving facility for BMT and IND lines as well.

Considering an armored car (actually a truck) of the era was a smallish vehicle. The accompanying image is of armored cars of the City of New York - Department of Finance. Armored cars used by the Board of Transportation would have been similar and possibly even the same.    The armored cars seen in the image were built by International Motor Trucks, and were built right in Queens. Mack - International Truck had factories and assembly lines in Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx. The armored trucks of the era were of limited capacity, in regards to the amount of protective agents and in regards to the amount cargo in comparison to a subway car.    As the predominate fare throughout this era of operations was by coin, this was naturally a heavy cargo. Perhaps heavier than one realizes: Over a billion fares were collected on the Transit System (rapid and surface lines) in 1950. The fare was a dime. This equates to 168,100,000 dimes. That figure, divided by 365 days equals 460,547 dimes per day. That amount of dimes weighs 23,028 pounds or 11½ tons. If one is generous, the armored cars shown had a carrying capacity of 1 ton, maybe a ton and a half. There were about 600 stations (don't forget the now demolished elevateds!) spread out over 243 square miles in 4 boroughs. It hardly could have been efficient.        Furthermore, road vehicles could easily be stopped at any point along its route. Rush hour congestion, broken traffic signals, a large fire, and number of reason could hold up the revenue collection.    Of course the worst scenario was armed robbery. At any number of street corners, a group of armed robbers could be waiting to "knock off" and armored car. Block the street with a car or truck (à la the movie "Heat") and security was jeopardized - there was nowhere to go.    Many armored car heists took place in this fashion. The nature of operating in the open was itself a security issue.

courtesy of the Wisconsin Historical Society archives

   On the opposite side of the token (pun intended); the elevateds and subways however, operated in isolation from access to / of the general public; except at stations every few blocks. So by nature of it operation, revenue collection by train was more secure and isolated from public access.

   If I remember what I was told correctly, the freight elevators connecting the basement corridors leading from the subway tunnels were constructed with only two stops: the subway level and the second floor of 370 Jay Street. There was no access at either the first floor or to and from higher floors in the building for these two elevators. This prevented the elevator car from stopping, or being stopped on the first floor or another floor above the second floor, where the strongboxes could be brought to the street or intended location accidentally, or intentionally in an attempt to steal them.

above: Automatic currency processor. The GPS 1000 high speed mixed currency counter and sorter can process 30 bills per second. This machine sorted denominations, counted, examined (for counterfeits). The employee is extracting sorted banknotes from the machine and placing them into the acrylic stacking box to her right. Additional racks of stacking boxes are seen on the sloped table behind her.
center image: Manual counting and rubber banding of currency by denomination. Accounting of TransitCheks in rack closest to employee.
right most image: bundles of banded and wrapped currency being placed into large rolling strongboxes. The smaller rolling strongboxes in the background are the type that were carried aboard the Revenue Collection Train. The large strongbox being loaded by the employee, was for internal count room use. Note the various types of revenue in this strongbox: US currency of various denominations and Transit Checks (bottom left), also note the wrapping bottom right: NYCTA and LIRR. Coins and tokens (were counted and stored in another room. All images: MTA photographer Patrick Cashin on the final day of Money Room operations at 370 Jay Street in 2006. © 2006 - courtesy of the New York City Transit Authority

   Coins and currency that had been sorted, counted and packaged, were transfered from the vaults on the second floor of 370 Jay Street; down to the first floor loading bay at the cul-de-sac of Pearl Street, on the back side of the building.

   To get the outgoing revenue from the second floor to the loading dock, and hence to the banks via armored car, a different elevator that stopped on the first and second floors (and other than the direct one between the subway platforms and second floor) was used.

   Once at this loading dock, the coins and currency would be loaded into armored trucks and brought to and deposited at the respective financial institution(s) under contract with the NYCTA; and for the currency to re-enter and recirculate in the Federal Reserve banking system.

   This cul-de-sac on Pearl Street, was by nature a rather secure location - what with both the Brooklyn District Attorneys' offices and Brooklyn Law School as a direct neighbors to 370 Jay Street. The neighborhood in itself was relatively safe: the Kings County Supreme Court, Kings County Criminal Court, Kings County Family Court, Kings County Civil Court, Brooklyn Borough Hall and the Main Branch of the Post Office all within a short walking distance. Transit Police headquarters was two blocks away (but a detachment regularly occupied 370 Jay Street - and of which the administrative offices of NYCTA moved into this building after 1990). The 84th Precinct of the New York Police Department was four blocks away. Several state and federal law enforcement agencies were also within very close proximity to 370 Jay Street. All of which gave the surrounding neighborhood for 370 Jay Street, a very significant law enforcement presence.

The Consolidated Revenue Facility

But as time marches on; so does history. Buildings become old. Heating plants and elevators wear out; electrical and plumbing systems become insufficient, with so much office equipment electrical driven these days. You can only repaint the walls so many times, but that does little to renew, repair and improve the structure itself. Structures, like vehicles; become obsolete for their intended purposes. In some cases, it becomes more cost efficient to build a new facility or split up operations amongst several building than reconstruct an old one; and 370 Jay Street was no exception.    The NYCTA slowly began vacating their administrative offices from 370 Jay Street beginning in 1990; however the NYCTA Revenue Department remained on site until 2006.    In that year; NYCTA revenue operations were consolidated with the MTA and TBTA Bridges & Tunnels, and relocated to newly constructed, extremely high security facility in Ridgewood, Queens; bordering on Newtown Creek upon the former Cerro Wire property.    In all honesty, the new facility has the appearance of a maximum security prison rather than a municipal structure. But being equally as honest, that make perfect sense.    The widespread acceptance of MetroCards and their (mostly) electronic payment systems; did away with a significant amount of handling of coins and currency at the token booths. With this diminished handling of coin and currency, it is nowhere on the scale of pre-MetroCard era and no longer required the established method of collection, which we will discuss in the next chapter.
MTA (Metropolitan Transportation Authority) - NYCT (New York City Transit) - B&T (Bridges & Tunnels) Consolidated Revenue Facility Ridgewood, Queens images courtesy of Google Maps

   

The Revenue Collection Train(s)
(or: how to collect all that money efficiently and get it to headquarters to be counted)

   Obviously, when dealing with a transit system of the size that operates in the City of New York; a lot of money had to be picked up from the token booths.

1904 to 1951 - questions abound

   For IRT and BMT operations prior to the First Unification in 1940 - research is proceeding continually and forthcoming, and as there is contradictory information. The New York Times reports that fare revenue was collected by armored truck and delivered to 250 Hudson Street (which still stands to this day) - and where revenue was counted and stored by the Board of Transportation, prior to the opening of 370 Jay Street in 1951.

   Also consider the fact that the IRT Broadway - Seventh Avenue Line (the present  lines) runs under Varick Street, and is a mere 350 feet to the east of 250 Hudson Street.

   But in the December 31, 2006 New York Times article "Cash & Carry" by Jeff Vandam; he states there is mention of a money train in the New York Times as far back as 1905, shortly after the subway opened. l have searched for this article, but it eludes me at this time.

   We do know of at least two Revenue Collection Cars existing prior to 1951 and associated Transit Authority operations (see roster below), with the R-8 revenue cars being built in 1939 expressly as revenue collection cars. So, new equipment built prior to and for the express purpose of revenue collection before the known revenue collection train operation of the Transit Authority? Obviously, the Board of Transportation was collecting revenue by train prior to the Transit Authority's creation and the opening of 370 Jay Street. 

   There are other coincidences as well, that are worth considering: the Board of Transportation (prior to occupying 250 Hudson Street beginning in January 1, 1930); was a tenant of 120 Broadway, of which had direct access to three transit stations via non-BOT (privately owned) passageways:

• IRT Wall Street & William Street Station of the Broadway - Seventh Avenue Line (the present  lines), 
• IRT Wall Street & Broadway Station of the Lexington Avenue Line (present lines) and,
• BMT Broad Street Station of the Nassau Street Line (present line)

   For the record, 120 Broadway is the Equitable Life Insurance Building. Other than hosting many notable tenants as well as the Board of Transportation throughout its lifetime; it has in its basement, several huge vaults which were constructed for both for Equitable use as well as those of its tenants.

   As stated in Wikipedia for Broad Street Station: "Outside of fare control, the station's main entrance / exit has a long passage that is only open weekdays from 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. It runs north three blocks to the basement of 28 Liberty Street, where two sets of doors and a wide staircase lead to an unmarked entrance / exit at the east side of Nassau Street at Cedar Street. This entrance also provides access to the Wall Street / William Street station (2 and ​3 trains) and the Wall Street / Broadway station (4 and ​5 trains).[19]

   The passage also has two closed exits; one led to the northwestern corner of Wall Street and Nassau Street and was closed by 1992.[22] The other led to the northwestern corner of Cedar Street and Nassau Street, near 140 Broadway, but was closed by 1999 and has since been repurposed into an emergency exit.[23] Halfway through the passage, a short staircase from the west side leads up to a narrower passageway that runs through the basement of the Equitable Building before two offset High Entrance / Exit Turnstiles provide entrance to the Wall Street / Broadway station.[19]"

   An interesting video on the Equitable Vaults, which briefly mentions hidden subway stops in its title.

   Another subway corridor that connects the Chase Manhattan Bank building and:

• IRT Lexington Avenue Line (present lines) and,
• BMT Nassau Street Line (present line)

   So, in conclusion we have multiple private passageways connecting different subway routes, one of which through a financial institution and another to the former headquarters of one of the operating agencies which had vaults. Interesting coincidences to say the least.

   At the very minimum, it appears the reported armored trucks operating on the street, were augmented with early collection trains.

   And undoubtedly, we are missing a few pieces of the puzzle for the history of revenue collection here.

   Input is most welcome: brghtnbchexp@aol.com

IRT R244 - Lo V image courtesy of nycsubway.org - D. Grotjahn	IND R247-248 - R6-3  image courtesy of nycsubway.org - M. Hodurski
	IND R248 - R6-3  image courtesy of Matt Csenge

   The first revenue cars that were purposely built for this particular duty, were built by St. Louis Car Company in 1939. Contract # R-8A, car #66 and #67. Only two cars were built.

   The standard windows would be replaced with bullet resistant glass; and welded grills bolted over the windows on the interior of the car. Also the center sets of doors were omitted entirely.
 

IND R8A #66 image courtesy of nycsubway.org - D. Pirmann

Note the round steel barrels with a locking lid. These are early strongboxes. image courtesy of New York Transit Museum Digital Collections

IND R8A - #67 image courtesy of nycsubway.org - D. Pirmann

   After the 1939 R-8A cars were retired, they Transit Authority embarked upon rebuilding the next series of revenue cars in house.

1951 to 2006 - the NYCTA Era

   What has been conclusively publicized and documented are the Revenue Collection Trains after 1951.

   This is where "the Revenue Collection Train" comes in and this is what the NYCTA calls it. What everyone else calls it, colloquially; is "the money train."

   With that, revenue collection cars operated during the Board of Transportation and Transit Authority eras of operation (1940-1953 and 1953-2006 respectively); and consisted of former passenger subway cars – almost always rebuilt from older rolling stock that had been retired from passenger carrying service (with one exception), but still had some life left in them: the Transit Car Rebuilding Shops have the tools, and they have the talent!

   Beginning in 1988, under the R-95 contract; one R-21 (originally constructed by St. Louis Car Company in 1956) and eighteen R-22 cars (also constructed by St. Louis Car Company, but in 1957) were converted into Revenue Collection Cars.

   This gave the NYCTA eight trains (not just one); four sets for regular service and one set in reserve on the IRT Division; and four sets for regular service and one extra revenue car in reserve for BMT and IND Divisions. These would also be the last series of revenue collection cars built, and served up until 2006.

   On this model of revenue cars, some of the windows would be "blanked" (a/k/a plated over). The center sets of doors were blanked as well, reducing the number egress points. Bars were welded over the windows on the outside of the car. However, these cars were painted safety yellow, making the collection car look more on the order of a work car or train, than that of an armored car.

   The interior equipment: the revenue car was equipped with drop down shelves for counting out tokens and currency for disbursement, that were hinged over the small rolling strongboxes; much in the fashion old railway post office cars were equipped on the older long distance trains. Cabinets for various items were mounted to the walls - empty cloth money bags for holding coins, currency and tokens; the security seals for the bags; supplies of blank accounting forms; and other logistical items necessary for revenue transportation.

   Coins, currency and tokens was stored in dark green rolling strongboxes. These strongboxes were equipped with half hinged tops and fronts with padlock tabs on top. To open the front panel, you opened the top slightly, and then could drop the top half of the front panel. These strongboxes were lined up along the bottom of the walls under the drop shelves of the revenue car.

   The locker car was more spartan: subway seating remained along one wall, and fixed narrow tables in front of them for paperwork, cups of coffee; newspapers. There were a cluster of lockers offset for uniforms and presumably ammunition, shotguns, and personal effects.

   In both the revenue car and the adjoining locker car; were revenue collecting agents; along with a detachment of uniformed New York City Transit Police; each of whom were obviously armed. Each officer carried their standard issue side arm; .38 caliber revolvers at first, and in 1990; 9 millimeter semi-automatic handguns were authorized and adopted. Never brandished or confirmed, but assumed to have been on board; were shotguns for close quarters defense. There were two radio systems aboard: one on the frequency of train operations, another on the frequency of the Transit Police Department.

   With some exceptions of large stations where the token booths are located on a mezzanine; the train platforms were mostly on the same level as the token booths. A lot of stations, especially the IRT; are constructed with the token booth a mere 20 or 30 feet from the platform. So, the train was the most convenient way to make revenue collections.

Revenue Collection Train - Locker Car IR 714 (IRT) On display at IND Court Street / Transit Museum Station, Brooklyn NY	Revenue Collection Train - Revenue Car OR 715 (BMT / IND) Note the removable / portable gap fillers at the each of the door sills. This allowed an original IRT R-21/22 car to be used on BMT and IND lines.
.
Revenue Collection Train - Locker Car Interior (IRT)	Revenue Collection Train - Revenue Car Interior (IRT) Note the small rolling strongboxes under the folding counter space.
.
Revenue Collecting Agent - Revenue Car OR717 (IRT) This image were taken by MTA photographer Patrick Cashin on the final day of Money Train service in 2006 courtesy of New York Transit Museum
bottom most image above; courtesy of New York Transit Museum . All other images and and data in roster below courtesy of nycsubway.org / David Pirmann.

Revenue Collection Trains Roster IRT - BMT - IND (Board of Transportation)

IRT

BMT / IND

New Car #

Old Car #

Original #

Car Type

Notes

New Car #

Old Car #

Original #

Car Type

Notes

R241

20182

4704

Lo-V

Pressed Steel Car Co. - 1916-1925

30178

20178

2500

Standard

American Car Foundry - 1914-19

R244

5622

Lo-V

Pressed Steel Car Co. - 1916-1925

30179

20179

2714

Standard

Pressed Steel Car Co. - 1921

30183

20183

5302

Lo-V

Pressed Steel Car Co. - 1916-1925

30180

20180

2741

Standard

Pressed Steel Car Co. - 1921

30181

5559

Lo-V

M247

923

R-6-3

both American Car Foundry - 1935 stored 207th Street Yard awaiting restoration

M248 / R248

925

R-6-3

20177

67

R-8A

St. Louis Car Company - 1939

20178

68

R-8A

St. Louis Car Company - 1939

Revenue Collection Trains  New York City Transit Authority

IRT - Division A one revenue car and one locker car made up one train.

BMT - Division B1 /  IND - Division B2* one revenue car and one locker car made up one train.

New Car #

New Contract #

Old Car #

Old Contract #

Car Type

Train

Basing location

Notes

New Car #

New Contract #

Old Car #

Old Contract #

Car Type

Train

Basing location

Notes

0R714

R-95 (1988)

7194

R-21

Revenue

#2

East 180th St. Bronx

St. Louis Car Company - 1956 was in NYTM

0R719

R-95 (1988)

7389

R-22

Revenue

#7

Jamaica, Queens

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

1R714

R-95 (1988)

7422

R-22

Locker

#2

East 180th St., Bronx

St. Louis Car Company - 1957 was in NYTM

1R719

R-95 (1988)

7386

R-22

Locker

#7

Jamaica, Queens

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

0R715

R-95 (1988)

7343

R-22

Revenue

#3

Corona, Queens

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

0R720

R-95 (1988)

7337

R-22

Revenue

#8

Concourse, Bronx

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

1R715

R-95 (1988)

7424

R-22

Locker

#3

Corona, Queens

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

1R720

R-95 (1988)

7444

R-22

Locker

#8

Concourse, Bronx

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

0R716

R-95 (1988)

7355

R-22

Revenue

#1

Livonia, Brooklyn

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

0R721

R-95 (1988)

7392

R-22

Revenue

#5

36th St, Brooklyn

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

1R716

R-95 (1988)

7410

R-22

Locker

#1

Livonia, Brooklyn

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

1R721

R-95 (1988)

7449

R-22

Locker

#5

36th St, Brooklyn

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

0R717

R-95 (1988)

7313

R-22

Revenue

#3A

Livonia, Brooklyn

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

0R722

R-95 (1988)

7368

R-22

Revenue

#6

36th St, Brooklyn

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

1R717

R-95 (1988)

7314

R-22

Locker

#3A

Livonia, Brooklyn

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

1R722

R-95 (1988)

7459

R-22

Locker

#6

36th St, Brooklyn

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

0R718

R-95 (1988)

7379

R-22

Revenue

IRT - Spare

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

0R723

R-95 (1988)

7490

R-22

Revenue

BMT-IND Spare

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

1R718

R-95 (1988)

7374

R-22

Locker

IRT - Spare

St. Louis Car Company - 1957

* Since the R-22 / R-95 cars are built to IRT dimensions, and use a portable gap filler for use on BMT and IND divisions; these cars could be run on IRT divisions if need be, by simply lifting the gap filler off the sill.

How it operated...

    Contrary to Hollywood; the premise was to keep the revenue collection train low key – and not take on the appearance of some heavily armored tank that looked more at place on a battlefield. Like the phrase goes: "hidden in plain sight". They were not shiny, with gun ports and narrow slits of windows like one sees on armored cars. They were painted safety yellow, allowed to accumulate the typical subway grime and simply looked like other mundane, run of the mill, "rode hard and put away wet" work equipment; which was more than commonplace throughout the transit system. It was fully intended to "blend" with its environment.

   When it came to the operations of the revenue collection trains; secrecy and randomness was its primary defense and its offensive weapon. The revenue collection trains never departed their terminals at the same time, nor did they arrive at the stations along its route at the same times each night. If one was to see it at a particular station early one morning say, Columbus Circle at 3:15 am; it would not be at Columbus Circle at 3:15 a.m. the next morning. It could come earlier or later.  

   Unless you looked at the car number (and recognized it like an employee or train buff would); there was little to inform a common subway passenger waiting on a platform, if it were a signal dolly (used for carrying parts for railway signals and other heavy electrical components), a pump car (which contained pumps to empty out flooded stations), or; if it contained several hundred thousands of dollars in cash and tokens.

   That is, until the doors opened. A bunch of guys got out in hard hats and safety vests? It was a work train and they were going to fix something. If Transit Police and armed revenue collecting agents disembarked? It was the Revenue Train.

   The Revenue Collection Trains would begin their journeys from their respective terminals in the dead of night; stopping and each and every station, picking up the days proceeds and dropping off tokens, coinage for change if necessary, as well as empty sacks and seal for replenishment; if so requested.

   If the token booth was located upstairs on a mezzanine (like at express and junction stations), the collection train stopped at the stairs closest to the token booth. If the token booth was on the same level to the platform (such as in the case of local stations), the collection train stopped directly in front of the token booth.

Bagging the revenue proceeds prior to pick up - that was the Revenue Clerks (Token Clerk) job!

   The revenue clerk at the end of their shift was required to account for their shifts proceeds. After counting, the proceeds were placed into canvas bags. One bag for each different type of revenue: one for US coins, one for US currency (paper money), and one for any counterfeit tokens or slugs recovered from the turnstiles; vouchers, weekend / holiday half fare tickets, senior citizen & handicapped half fare tickets, or any other reduced or free fare passes that were tendered to the clerk during their shift.

   Each were tallied and entered onto an envelope with a printed list on it; placed in the bag and sealed with a metal seal on string:




   The tool that crimped this metal seal, also embossed a code denoting the location the bag was sealed at. If by chance you ran out of string and seal, or the tool broke; you would call for an assistant station supervisor.

   These sealed canvas bags (seen above) were placed into a double door vault mounted to the wall of the token booth: one door was on the inside, one door on the outside with lock and key - the outer door can be seen in the image of the token booth below right. Unlike the bus fareboxes vault drawers, these booth vaults were constructed much more stoutly, and not prone to robbery, if they were even noticed at all. Basically hidden in plain sight. Furthermore, token booths have video surveillance and alarm systems.

Upon arriving at a station; two or more armed revenue collecting agents disembarked from the collection train and proceeded to the token booth. It should be understood that in almost every case, the interaction between the Revenue Agent (token clerk) and the Revenue Collection Agents (revenue collectors) was not a face to face transaction were the token clerk opened the door for the collecting agent to enter.    At the token booth, the collection agent opened the exterior door on the vault which granted access to the interior of the vault. Here, the agent picked up the proceeds for the day from the vault; already packaged and sealed in the cloth bags.    At small stations; the revenue agents might simply retrieve one or two revenue bags by hand; but at large stations, there may be dozens of revenue bags in the vault, way too many to carry by hand and still be easily defensible from theft. So, on those stations where the token booth was on platform level, the revenue collection agents wheeled a rolling strongbox directly to the token booth side to be loaded, and brought directly back into the collection train.    For those agents retrieving revenue at stations where the token booth was located on an upper mezzanine level, and stairs separated the booth from the platform, then one collection agent carried canvas bags by hand, while another guarded him. And at large stations, it may have required three or four collection agents to retrieve the multiple bags. Here, their work was cut out for them.

Both collecting agents returned to the revenue collection train and placed the canvas bags into the rolling strongbox.    Also taking place at this time of pick up, a generous supply of empty canvas bags and seals were replenished at the token booth for the next days receipts, if so required. If a holiday or other large event where increased token usage was expected, the collections agents would bring additional bags of tokens for said occasion over and above the daily required amount.    For those full bags of tokens arriving to the booth, the revenue clerk in the booth weighed the bags. As each bag contained 1000 tokens - it was faster to weigh than count. When tokens were first released - a bag of tokens was worth $150. At 50 cents per token in 1980, one bag was worth $500. By the end of token usage: 2003 - a single canvas bag of tokens was equivalent to $1,500 dollars.     Never confirmed either, were the presence (or lack thereof) of plainclothes Transit Police at random or high risk stops, until the collection train left. Once the collecting agents and accompanying police officers were back on board the revenue train, the doors were closed and secured; and “train” rumbled off to the next station down the line to repeat the process.    All in all, it was a quick process of retrieving the revenue from a token booth. Obviously, to linger at the stations for any reason, opened up opportunities to a heist.    I am most thankful and indebted to Ms. Ricki Bauman, retired NYCTA revenue clerk for the operational insight and duties of a revenue clerk. I still need a revenue collectors insight to this process, which would certainly be most helpful and welcome; and said collecting agent is most invited to contact me.    If the train needed to be held up for any reason say, a train in passenger service service breaking down, a sick passenger on a train ahead; work on the tracks; switch problems, whatever the reason; in between stations was a safer location for the revenue collection train to wait than in the station. But for the most part, operations during late night to early morning were without delay.    The Revenue Collection Trains would work their way towards downtown Brooklyn, where 370 Jay Street was located. At the end of collecting along its respective routes; the Revenue Collection Trains would be switched to one of the three subway lines that ran in the immediate proximity of the basement of 370 Jay Street.    The IRT Division Revenue Collection Trains would stop in the tunnel just southeast of the Manhattan bound Borough Hall Station.    The BMT Division Revenue Collection Trains would stop in the tunnel as well, at a platform just west of the Manhattan bound Lawrence Street  Station.    The IND Division Revenue Collection Trains however would stop in the middle of the station of the Coney Island bound Jay Street - Borough Hall Station.    At all three of these platforms, there is a very nondescript roll up door sitting at a small 10 foot long or so platform. The only roll up door that is visible from a public area, is the one located adjacent to the IND Jay Street - Borough Hall Station, and of which can be seen in the image below right. Note the video camera tucked into the vaulted ceiling, watching the door and platform!    To think, when I was a regular commuter on the line, I saw this door many times, and I didn't even realize its significance.

   Behind each of these roll up doors are corridors, of which that led to a pair of freight elevators.

   If I remember correctly, these freight elevators were constructed with only two stops: the subway level corridors and the second floor of 370 Jay Street. There was no access at either the first floor or to higher floors in the building for these two elevators. This prevented the elevator car from stopping, or being stopped on the first floor or above the second floor, where the strongboxes could be brought to the street or to another floor, accidentally or intentionally; in an attempt to steal them.

   The rolling strongboxes containing the days receipts would be transferred from the Revenue Collection Trains, through the corridors and onto the elevator; where the loaded strong boxes would be brought up to the secure count rooms and vaults on the second floor. Already emptied strongboxes would be stored in the corridor, and placed on the train for the following nights collection run, to repeat the process again the following day; again - at a slightly different time.

   With the widespread acceptance of MetroCards; tokens were eliminated in 2003. With the subsequent drift to electronic funds transfer to purchase or "refill" the MetroCard value; from either a MetroCard Vending Machine (MVM) or from the comfort of your own business or residence; did away with a significant amount of handling of coins and currency at the token booths. This diminished handling of coin and currency, is nowhere on the scale of pre-MetroCard era revenue handling and no longer required the Revenue Collection Train.

   So, the Revenue Collection Trains were abolished in 2006, following the relocation of the revenue department of the NYCTA to Queens to the MTA Consolidated Revenue Facility. Regular (and mundane) armored trucks now pick up the fare proceeds now.

Fare and Revenue Collection Crimes - The Ugly and the Humorous

   

Attempts on the Collection Train

Bus Driver / Farebox Robberies

Token Booth Robberies

Kidnapping A Revenue Agent

Token Sucking

Inside Jobs

And speaking of inside jobs..

Attempts on the Collection Train

   Truth be told; there were numerous attempts at heisting the revenue car. While the NYCTA refrained of publicizing them for fear of copy cats; (and justifiably so), the New York Times reported the following. On four occasions in 1950; three Manhattan teenagers descended into the subway station with the goal of robbing the collection train. Fortunately, none were successful.

   Whether discouraged by the number of potential witnesses on the platform; the show of force by Transit Police on the collection train, or because they had simply missed the train, they did not succeed. Their fourth attempt, which took place after midnight at the 175th Street station on the  line, was also a failure. They missed the train, redirected their attention to the change booth and ended up shooting the token clerk, who died. They escaped downtown, whereupon they stole $60 from the Grand Union Hotel on East 32nd Street. They were arrested the next morning and alluded to their original intent.

   All things considered, a single person had little to zero chance of taking on a squad of officers of Transit Police; so at the least; a group of several criminals was needed. And any group who thought to wait for hours for the train to eventually arrive; would have seemed out of place what with regular trains coming and leaving and the group not leaving. A group of shifty, apprehensive people standing on the platform, waiting for extended period of time? No doubt suspicions would be raised.

   Furthermore, the same reasons that made revenue collecting of vast sums of coin and or currency inconvenient - the stairs to the elevateds and subways; would also be a hindrance to robbing the revenue train as well. What's the point, when you have run up or a down flights of stairs with 50, 60 or more or pounds of currency. If one is going to assume the risk of taking on a dozen Transit Police Officers, you better come away with more than just what you can carry in your hand. Heisting the collection train was to say the least a daunting prospect, even when considered. There were easier ways for thieves to rob some funds from the Transit System.

Bus Driver Change Maker and Farebox Robberies

   While history has recorded isolated cases of bus farebox and rapid transit change booth robberies dating back to the 1930's. Cases were far and few between, and the problem was isolated to perhaps two or three drivers getting robbed a year.

   Around the 1960's, crimes exploded throughout New York City; including crimes against the transit system. The increase of the armed robbery of bus drivers was one such category.

   Robbers were brandishing a knife or a firearm, and relieving the driver of his change maker and the change within the farebox. Remember, at this time, the driver had access to the change in the farebox to replenish his change maker during the course of his shift, to refill his change maker to provide change for fare payment and for the purchase of transfers. Furthermore, it was the drivers responsibility to empty the farebox at the end of the route and bring it to the accounting room.

   When aggregated at the end of a shift, it meant the fareboxes could hold a few hundred dollars. The Transit Authority via the New York Times reported: 56 driver robberies in 1966, 97 in 1967, 244 in 1968 and 356 in 1969.

    So the first step taken in the attempt to eliminate bus driver robberies, saw the farebox now equipped with a double key locked coin vault drawer. This vault drawer required two keys: one to unlock it and allow removal from pedestal, the other key to actually open the drawer lid. The first key, allowed personnel at the bus depot, aptly called a "vault puller"; to remove the drawer from the bus and bring to the count room, but not allow him to access the coins to prevent theft. A second key was kept in the count room, and it was this key that actually opened the drawer and allowed it to be emptied of coinage for sorting and counting.

   When the fare was a nickel, a thousand passengers aggregated to $50. But with each successive raise in fare, first to a dime, and then higher; the "drop" multiplied. A thousand passengers at 20 cents each, was $200. In 1975, when the fares rose to 50 cents, a thousand passengers = $500. And, a bus route on a main thoroughfare certainly could meet or exceed 1000 passengers easily and by the end of a shift.

   Robbing the bus became much more lucrative, as well as became a team effort. The vault drawers may have been locked in the fare box pedestal, but thieves don't need keys. Two thieves now brought crowbars with them. One would hold the driver at knife or gun point; while the second pried the vault drawer out of the pedestal with the crowbars.
 
   So this led to another, even more secure; design of pedestal. The answer lay in doing away with the removable vault drawers altogether. They were removed from the pedestals; and coins now dropped into a sealed coin vault mounted directly to the floor of the bus; and within the pedestal. Coins and tokens could only be removed by a huge vacuum operated device back at the bus depot.

    The vacuum unit was large, and it was quite powerful - it could evacuate the contents of the sealed fare box vault in 20 seconds or less. As the unit required electricity to operate the vacuum as well as contained electronics for sorting and accounting, it was not portable. This elaborate, stationary and very secure system made it difficult, practically impossible for robbery of the fareboxes, not to mention the bus depots had many personnel milling about instead of a single vulnerable person. This, finally solved the problem of farebox robberies. The design of this vacuum is well covered in the Farebox Chapter.

   Somewhat humorously, one robber didn't get the word, because on September 1, 1969 (the day after the bus system became exact change only and drivers no longer had either a change maker or access to the proceeds in the farebox); a driver was robbed of his personal $6.00 pocket money, because the thief was not aware of the change in policy and the totally sealed farebox. This made for the 357th driver robbery for 1969.

   But as we have unfortunately learned, the criminal element evolves. As such, it led to either the entire bus being held up at gunpoint which did occur, but in extremely isolated cases.

   Much more commonly, the incidents that replaced farebox robbing and that were now taking place, were token booths in the subway and elevated lines being robbed.

Token Booth Robberies

   Speaking of; it was significantly easier to rob the token booth. While it was a wholly random crime in the first half of the 20th Century it was not unheard of. Like most crimes, it became a commonplace occurrence by the 1960’s through the 1980’s; when inner city living conditions degraded to the point that made a certain element to become desperate and brazen.

    Despite all the security measures the NYCTA could take, nothing prevented attempts, whether unsuccessful or those that did succeed. Almost all of the successful crimes involving Transit Authority revenue proceeds were "light weight"; in other words of low yield. Until the 1970's a token booth or bus farebox robbery would only net the criminal a few hundred dollars at best.

   With the fare hikes in the 1970's, like with the bus fare box robberies, "takes" increased to $1,000 or more.

   Token booth robberies became more frequent and with greater success, and with increasing fares, larger amounts of money were taken - when successful. As many of the token booths still had open grill windows dating from the early 1900's, a robber stuck the barrel of a handgun through the grill and demanded the proceeds. The criminal element was getting more desperate, and several token clerks lost their lives by being shot to death when they resisted or failed to open the door to the token booth, and the criminal fled empty handed.

   The NYCTA responded by covering the open grill transaction windows that dated back to the 1800’s, with bullet resistant glass, and furthermore with the installation of enclosed token booths, made of bullet resistant glass and metal construction, with a coin slot for token / monetary transactions.

But, the criminal element then adapted to a most despicable, vile and heinous method.    The pouring of flammable liquids (usually gasoline) through the coin slot. If the token clerk did not open the door to let the thief in, more than one "degenerate" (keeping it clean here - this is a family website!) severely injuring and / or costing the lives of several token clerks.    Following a rash of these attacks the year before, in 1990 the NYCTA installed Halon fire suppression systems equipped with in the token booths throughout the system. Flame sensors instantaneously triggered the discharge of that fire suppression system which helped prevent serious injury to the clerks.    Sadly, on November 26, 1995; two individuals attempted to rob the Kingston - Throop Station Token Booth on the IND  & lines. One of these degenerates squirted gasoline from a soda bottle into the coin slot and ignited it, hoping to force out the token clerk.    Instead it caused a flammable vapor explosion; literally blowing the token booth apart and of which a photo can be seen at right.    A scene in the movie "Money Train", bore striking resemblance to this incident; and the NYCTA as a matter of record, objected to the scene in the script and asked it be removed, as well as refused to allow the film crew of the movie to film that sequence on NYCTA property; in the hopes to avoid "copycatting".    Removal of the scene was refused on the part of the studio; and the movie crew shot the scene on a stage instead.

Kingston - Throop Station Token Booth - November 26, 1995 courtesy of NY Daily News

   
   Obviously; it had still provided new inspiration to a couple of savages, and they attempted it. Despite the clerk surviving the blast, he died the next day. The automatic fire suppression system? It had been disabled by a employee who was cigarette smoker.

   This type of crime happened a few more times after this occasion, with one of the last taking place in 2002. But rigid enforcement of not covering up the flame sensors, and the installation of closed circuit TV monitors to record outside the token booths and capture on video the face(s) of the perpetrator(s) for positive identification and incontrovertible evidence acted sufficiently as a deterrent.

   The advent of electronic / digital fare collection systems and its reduction of cash on hand as well as the elimination of the token, eliminated any significant and immediate financial gain in holding up the token booth.

Kidnapping A Revenue Agent

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While research transit fares, I was amazed to learn that there was an incident where a Revenue Agent was kidnapped by a several criminals. While I heard (in varying degrees of detail) of the other crimes I list in thischapter, this one I had not heard of.    The agent was held for several days and over the course of that time forced to access safes at two stations: BMT Whitehall and Cortland Street.    He was released unharmed.    Over $18,000 in cash and subway tokens was taken. I found no follow up articles about the kidnappers having been caught, so it is my estimation this crime remains unsolved.

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Token Sucking

   In the realm of transit crimes, there is one in particular that leaves a distinct, disgusting flavor in our mouths. No, seriously; for real...

   Down on their luck vagrants, transients, drug addicts needing quick cash for a fix, and extremely low echelon criminals with no other experience in crime; would jam the token slot with a piece of paper or a foil gum wrapper, and they would go stand in a corner inconspicuously of the payment area.

   A passenger would come along, and deposit their token. But it would not fall through to the operating mechanism, with the turnstile remaining locked and leaving the passenger with in an inoperable turnstile and no access to the platform.

   Some frustrated passengers would try to place a second or even a third token in an attempt to gain access to the subway. Upon this failing, they would either grumble and switch to another turnstile and deposit yet another token at their expense; or they would grumble and go to the token clerk to complain, in the hopes of either getting a replacement token or be let through the automatic gate.

   In the time period between the clerk coming out of the booth to chain off the turnstile from further use (and calling a turnstile maintenance person come for repair);  the "token sucker" would place his or her mouth over the token slot, and sucked the token(s) out.

   The token(s) were then used by the token sucker to ride the subway for themselves; or more commonly, sold at reduced cost to strangers on the street. There were even somewhat organized "token fencers", that these tokens suckers turned in their "haul" to, who after paying the token sucker, would still sell the tokens but now with themselves taking a cut. Some New Yorkers are always looking for a good deal.

   Token clerks, once they caught onto the practice; began putting cayenne pepper, chili powder or other spicy or bitter powders or liquids around the top of the token slot. Brush on nail biting / thumb sucking deterrent (which was commonly available in drug stores) was a popular favorite to discourage token sucker from plying their trade. It would dry on the turnstile and reconstitute when some degenerates' wet lips were placed over the slot.

   This rather repulsive practice ultimately ended with the discontinuation of tokens in 2003.
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Inside Jobs

   Despite being bonded and insured for handling revenue; there have been a significant amount of incidents, in which the temptation would get the better of change and token clerks.

   Over the last century and a half, and in the course of their duties; several now former employees skimmed cash and / or tokens. Some, stand out:

   In 1937, an IND Lines maintenance man was found embezzling nickels out of turnstiles and turning the coin counter back to cover up his thefts. He was dismissed. Two years later, after trying to deposit various amounts into several different banks totaling $25,000; it was further determined he purchased a two homes, an automobile, paid cash for an appendectomy and regularly made $50 to $70 bets at the racetrack from the proceeds of his thefts over the 5 years he was employed. That's a lot of nickels.. (This case may be related to the next, but no mention of this persons name or details from this case are mentioned in the next article.)

   In January 1939, an internal investigation began when a discrepancy of $300,000 in fares and the turnstile counters was discovered. Further investigation by the District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey discovered the embezzlement began 5 years prior and totaled $1.3 million - equal to 3% of gross fare receipts for that year. It was discovered that the $13,000,000 had been embezzled from turnstiles by the collusion of up to thirty IND station agents, clerks and maintenance men.  That's 26,000,000 nickels total, or 5,200,000 nickels per year. That many nickels weighs 286,000 pounds or 143 tons. Now, that's a lot of nickels!!!

   On September 18, 1954 transit employees passing a booth, noticed a line of approximately 40 passengers looking to purchase tokens with no one present in the booth, which was locked. Upon investigating further, it was determined that the enterprising but strange clerk made off with 8000 tokens (at 15 cents each equaled $1200). And $35 in cash! It has never been said all crooks were smart.

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And speaking of inside jobs...   

   But the biggest crime that took place on the NYCTA, was not the heisting of a money train or a hijacking a train of passengers for ransom ("gesundheit!" - the 1974 version is still the best!) ☺

   It would happen under their own roof, and under their own noses. In what I can only describe as a combination of plots from Oceans 11 and the Keystone Cops; one fateful weekend in July 1979, the “practically impenetrable” vaults at 370 Jay Street were robbed of $600,000 of $10 bills weighing approximately 120 pounds. No other denominations of currency were taken. No damage to any of the strongboxes was evident. Access to the money room, was accomplished by through a hole through the wall from the women's locker room. Who made the hole? Transit cops who locked themselves out of the count room a few weeks prior, to go on a coffee run; had broken through the wall to get back in.

   The details of the caper slowly came to light in the following series of newspaper articles which, because of their slightly comedic overtones, I have reproduced here to be read in their entirely. So grab yourself a cup of coffee or a cold drink - but don't lock yourself out of your room going to get it!

New York Times - July 24, 1979
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New York Daily News - July 24, 1979
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New York Daily News - July 25, 1979
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New York Daily News - August 5, 1979	New York Daily News - August 5, 1979 continued
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New York Daily News - July 14, 1980

   Ultimately, Transit Police Chief Sanford D. Garelik and his deputy were terminated. Ironically, all the Money Room employees that were employed when the embezzlement took place, remained employed. Over seven hundred employees were fingerprinted, investigated and one allegedly failed their polygraph test. However, there was insufficient information to issue an arrest warrant.

   The incident was never called a robbery within the TA; (and technically so, the crime was of embezzlement if it was an inside job).

   The only clues turned up a few weeks later - two empty currency bags similar to the ones used with the Revenue Department were found in a motel room in New Jersey.

   And as of composing this chapter on September 17, 2022; the case remains unsolved.

Fare Miscellany



Station Entrance Globes

   Introduced in early 1982 (March 8, 1982 New York Times), colored fare globes were introduced. Because these fare globes were directly related to the token booth being staffed or not, I felt it was worthy of inclusion on this website.

   These colored globes were installed in response to two factors: 1) passengers entering an unattended station and not being able pay their fare to board the trains, especially late at night; and 2) as crimes were being committed at unattended locations where there were minimal foot traffic and no transit employee on duty.

   For this system, the color of the cube shaped globe flanking the staircases up to an elevated or down to a subway would indicate if that particular subway or elevated station entrance was attended by a token clerk or not.

   This first system consisted of three colors:

   This system was carried over to the newer round globe style lights:

courtesy of the New York Post

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   In the 1990's, the system was revised to a two color system, and only the top half of the globe was colored - the bottom half was now white to allow more downward white light and better illumination of the staircases, and the yellow indication was abolished, which was causing confusion in daylight conditions, as it could appear off white in daytime, and especially under sodium vapor street lamps at night which can cast a pinkish orange hue; and therefore give no indication of the service type.

   Furthermore, station design would not necessarily dictate a round globe being employed, as square sconces were installed at some subway stations as can be seen at the 181st Street Station on the IND  Line below.

Erroneous posts made by the Transit Museum on Facebook and corresponding correct information

   As stated in the introduction of this website, one of the most unfortunate and frustrating things that takes place is the repetitious posting of erroneous information in social media. This holds doubly true when the New York Transit Museum is the one making the erroneous posts on their own Facebook page.

   With all due consideration and utmost respect for the salaried employees as well as the volunteers who donate their time and work hard for one of the best Rapid Transit Museums in the United States, the posting of erroneous information on their part is especially grievous, considering they have all the resources necessary pertaining to their own history.

   The Transit Museum has the interns, docents and personnel with higher education degrees to facilitate these corrections. Furthermore, how much could the expenses possibly amount to, in changing the wording in a display placard in the museum or on their posts? What we are discussing here; it's a cheap fix. Actually, no cost at all when it comes to posts on Facebook.

   I would expect some little three active member railroad museum in West Bumblescum, where the main display is a dusty HO Scale railroad layout to not do their homework. But the Transit Museum of all places?  I am not talking about a simple typo here - I am talking about blatant erroneous information; of which is easily disproved by open source documents - like a newspaper archives, Google Books, Google Patents or even the NYCTA's own published documents and images.

   What makes it more egregious, is when the Transit Museum makes a post that directly contradicts a previous post they made a few months before, for example: their post that "there were six token designs", yet another post a few months before shows a plaque on display in the museum with seven designs (and for the record, that plaque itself is missing a few designs for the actual eleven designs token the NYCTA used since 1953!)

   Established historians have been available to them for decades. They have donated their time, and contributed research and materials and objects for display. Attempts have been made numerous times over the years by previous historians; and now myself; to forward corrections for events taking place in the present day; but these apparently fall on deaf ears.

   Furthermore, what I refer to is not a matter of interpretation like with an art or a film critic or even legal findings. Again, when the pertinent facts and dates are easily researchable through independent reputable sources, there is no excuse. This is what historians and curators are for. This is where outside consultants come to be of some use. There is little one can do but hope someone at the Museum finds this website for this accurate information and takes the appropriate steps. Whoever that may be, you are more than welcome and invited to contact me at your convenience. I would be more than honored to be consulted and without charge. All I am interested in, is accuracy.

   Accuracy, in regards to history; is paramount to being a good historian. Sensationalism may sells newspapers - but accurate history makes a historian or museum credible. Likewise, genuine mistakes are forgivable, but repeating those mistakes after an organization or museum has been informed of that error? Not so much. When I am found to be in error (and I freely admit it happens), I double check the veracity of the submitted correction, and if found to be correct; I correct my research and this website (or any other website that I author).

   Since we must choose our battles; only the posts pertaining to fare issues will be addressed here - I'll let someone else fret about subway car build dates, dates of station openings, route designations, when they changed, etc.

   And so, when the Museum gets it wrong and will not accept corrections in good faith and voluntarily correct them; no other avenue is left, but the following. I will compile their errors here in a table, with a brief rebuttal and links to the appropriate chapters on this website that further define and explain the correction to their error in length.

   Please note, I have attempted to find the oldest postings, to further reinforce how long this erroneous information has been circulating. It should be noted the Transit Museum reposts the same basic post on the annual anniversary of each occasion.

(2022)	Small paper tickets were not discontinued in 1920, and continued to be used until at least 1956; even longer if you count large format block tickets and general order tickets, which are still issued. Paper tickets were issued by both the private operators of the subway lines continuously since inception: the IRT, BMT and the IND / Board of Transportation in 1940.  Tickets were used on connecting elevated trains transversing over the Brooklyn Bridge at Sands Street Terminal and Park Row and were used until 1944, when elevated service ceased over the bridge. (Trolleys would remain until 1950 and offered paper transfers).  The use of paper tickets for general fare payment were again issued in 1940 for 5 cents and 10 cent tickets which were issued in 1948, by the Board of Transportation for payment of fare on subways and elevated as well as surface methods.  15 cent tickets were issued by the Transit Authority as late as June 1956 and circulated concurrently with tokens, although not as wide spread. Ticket choppers were used on the Manhattan Elevated as far back as 1879. The Manhattan Elevated was a predecessor operation (and absorbed by the Interborough Rapid Transit in 1903 prior to the opening of the IRT subway). The ticket chopper design used by the IRT was patented in March 1894. Ticket choppers remained in regular service until 1928. The first ticket chopper was installed in May 1921, but it took seven years until the final turnstiles were installed in the last of the stations. Ticket choppers were used again when the 7 cent combination tickets (surface to rapid transit) were issued in 1948, and through 1952. Ticket choppers appear to have been used as late as the 1960's, in the IND Fulton Line Franklin Avenue Station for continuing ride transfers issued from the BMT Franklin Avenue Station (Franklin Avenue Shuttle) but this is anecdotal recollection, and has not been proved conclusively. They were confirmed to have been used again on June 30, 1980 with that fare raise as coin and token receptacles.
issued 1940 - 1944 .   . issued 1940 - 1948 issued 1948 - 1953 reverse of 5¢ and 10¢ tickets at left .   . issued 1953 to at least June 1956 reverse of 15¢ ticket at left (printed June 1956) Additional proof that the NYCTA did NOT stop using tickets after 1920, is this change / token booth remittance envelope seen at right. Please note, it clearly states under Miscellaneous Remittances: (3) 15C Cash Fare Tickets, and (5) 10C Cash Fare Tickets Furthermore note that (10) 15C Rockaway Div. (Division) Special Refund Tickets came into existence in June 26, 1956 with the opening of that line to refund the double fare charged, and as half that double fare charge was refunded to passenger not going north of Howard Beach would be entitled to a special refund upon request. Therefore, this envelope could not have existed prior to that 1956 opening date of service. Note that the envelope is clearly marked for the New York City Transit Authority; further reinforcing the fact that tickets were in fact collected after the 1953 formation of the Transit Authority, (which was the successor to the Board of Transportation Transit System (1940-1948); and the printing data at the bottom left corner of the envelope reads 58-60-0820-200M MAY 60. This printers jargon translates to: original form designed 1958-1960, Form (or stock number) 0820, 200,000 printed most recent revision: May 1960 Therefore, tickets were still being accepted as a form of general cash fare in May 1960!
There is more than a "two part process" in manufacturing of tokens: not including the metal manufacturing process, and post-manufacture inspecting and packaging. Also, some manufacturers (Osborne Coin / Roger Williams Mint worked directly from coiled metal, while others cut it into plates first.
	Metal Manufacturing Smelting:  The base metal is manufactured by the mill, where the appropriate metals are melted together. This could be all brass (copper and zinc) for most NYCTA tokens, a bronze (copper & tin); or a magnetically attractive metal such as cupro-nickel for magnetic discrimination like the Five Borough Token, or white metal (mostly nickel) as used for the small Special Fare token. Other metals were used by other transit companies in New York City. Hot Rolling:  This liquid metal is then poured and formed into rolls. Cold Rolling:  After cooling the rolls of metal are sent through pressure rollers to squeeze the metal to specified thickness. Plate Cutting: (for some token manufacturers) Unrolled material now cut into plates for blanking.
the Token Manufacturing Process (confirmed for Osborne Coin, formerly Roger Williams Mint) In actuality, and not including the metal making - the 5 Borough tokens were a five step process. The solid tokens were a four step process and this was the minimum amount of steps required for NYC subway token manufacture. small Solid Y  large Solid Y Silver Special Fare small Y Cutout large Y Cutout  Aqueduct Y Cutout Diamond Jubilee Bullseye Five Boro Blanking: The punching out of blank planchets (blank coins) takes place directly from coils of metal. yes yes yes yes Rimming: The blanks go through a machine that adds a rim to the edge. yes yes yes yes Burnishing: Burnishing takes place in large vibratory machines that hold media designed to clean, polish and de-burr sharp edges from the blanks. Tumbling media ranges from corn cob to steel ball bearings; depending on the size and the material to be cleaned and polished. yes yes yes yes Plug Punching: In the case of the "Bullseye" tokens, the center is punched out no no yes no Plug Inserting: The metal insert "plug" is pressed into place. This could be a magnetically attractive plug as in the case of the "Bullseye" tokens, (but can also be a non-magnetic brass plug in a non-magnetic white metal token (as in the case of the Garden State Parkway tokens). In either case, it served both as a coin discriminatory method and an anti-counterfeiting measure. no no yes no Coining: (a/k/a "striking") The planchets now enter the die press where the impression of the front (obverse) and back (reverse) designs takes place. Roger Williams Mint / Osborne Coinage edges and strikes in same process.  yes yes yes yes Aligning for Punching: In tokens that require a punch out design, like the small and large "Y cutout" tokens or the "Diamond Jubilee", and when specified by contract; the token is aligned to the punch. Some token designs did not need to be aligned before second punching like in the case of the "5 Borough token", which was both symmetrical and in the center. no yes no no Punching: The second punch process is accomplished. no yes no yes post-production: Inspection: Osborne Coinage inspection is performed manually throughout the various processes outlined above.  Counting and Bagging: Finished and inspected tokens now dumped into a counting machine and bagged, sealed and ready for shipment to the customer. With many thanks to Gibson Olpp of Osborne Coinage for outlining the basic steps used in token manufacture as well as the following informational videos on basic token production: Factory Tour: Osborne Coinage - Part 1 (coils of metal, blanking, rimming & burnishing, coining; including presentation medallion manufacture, packaging, shipping). Factory Tour: Osborne Coinage - Part 2 (50th Anniversary McDonald's Big Mac tokens: coils of metal, blanking, quality control, counting, die engraving, bulk packaging, warehouse). How custom coins are made - a video tour - Osbourne Coinage
	There were 11 basic token designs - not 6. This does not include minor die varieties, which increases the total to 22 varieties.
	The "small Y cutout" was not the first token released by the NYCTA, the "small Y solid" was. Because of the short time span between the announcement of the raise in fare to 15 cents and the date it went into effect (approximately 6 weeks) the three token manufacturers that won the contracts could not produce enough of the small Y cutout tokens in the alloted time(as they required the extra steps of alignment and punching) in time for circulation, so the small Y token was released first as it could be produced quicker. In September 1953, when the TA had received sufficient delivery of the small Y cutouts, and then the small Y solids were removed from circulation.  This post usually has an image of the small Y cutout token accompanying it; and appears every July 25th.

pre-First Unification

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   In the late 1800's, the numerous franchise operators were independent of each other and very often in great competition to one another. Different companies operated surface lines right under the elevated railroads. On busy streets many franchises shared trackage rights and shared the same rails.

   Through the greatness of the American system of capitalism; many companies vied for a piece of the pie. When first opened, a company may only consist of one route. Over time, that company acquired another or was itself was acquired by another.

   Some companies kept the acquired operation as a subsidiary which kept its name, or merged it with another route and changing name, or outright dissolving it and adding the route to its own. By the turn of the 19th Century, the corporate flow chart of transit companies in New York was, to say the least; befuddling. Completely separate companies would have similar names. Over half of the operations in Brooklyn had the place names "Brooklyn", "South Brooklyn" and "Coney Island" in their company title.

   And when time came for a reorganization; you could find yourself with a South Brooklyn Railway and South Brooklyn Street Railroad; both of which belonged to two separate entities until the First Unification in 1940 (actually before that with the formation of Brooklyn Rapid Transit, but let us not make matters even more confusing).