[?]

Signals in Canada-1896¹:

"The crossing as approached from each direction is protected by a "Distant" and a "Home" signal and "Derailing Switch." The signals displayed are Distant (or cautionary) and Home (or stop) signals; all of semaphore pattern, and govern the movements of trains by position of arms by day, and color (sic) by night.

"The signal arm always points to the right hand when approaching it. The back view of signal arm will in no case govern the movement of a train."

"A Semaphore Distant signal will have one of two positions:		A Semaphore Home signal will have one of two positions:
First. A Forked Blue arm extended horizontally thus by day or a Blue Light by night indicate Caution.		First. A Red arm extended horizontally thus by day or a Red light by night will indicate Danger or Stop.
Secondly. A Forked Blue arm extended at an angle of 60 degrees from horizontal line thus by day or a White Light by night, will indicate Safety or Go ahead.		Secondly. A Red arm extended at an angle 60 degrees from horizontal line thus by day or a White light by night will indicate Safety or Go ahead.
LOCATION OF SIGNALS: Controlling west-bound trains. .First. Distant signals 1750 feet east of towers north of track. .Secondly. Home signals 350 feet east of towers north of track. Controlling east-bound trains. .First. Distant signals 1750 feet west of towers south of track. .Secondly. Home signals 350 feet west of towers south of track.
RULES GOVERNING USE OF SIGNALS: If Distant signals show Caution, trains may pass them, but must be brought under full control, prepared to stop before reaching Home signals. If Home signals show Danger, trains must come to a full stop and must not pass them until they show Safety. Trains may be run quite up to Home signals, but never beyond, when at Danger. If both Distant and Home signals show Safety, trains may proceed without stopping. Passenger trains must not exceed a speed twelve miles per hour and freight trains eight miles an hour while crossing Diamonds. Trains must never, under any circumstances, pass Home signals set at Danger, or they will be derailed. Derailing switches are provided with detector bars about 40 feet in length - engineers are required to keep clear of these bars when standing. When shunting at switches worked from towers, be governed by signal arm or light, referring to switch in moving your engine. Never pass a Home Signal set at Danger. All trainmen and engineers will be held equally responsible for the observation of these Rules. All interests will be governed accordingly."2

1929 ASPECT(S)			NIL
CNR / CPR RULE No.	ABS - 501F	ISR - 601F
INDICATION	Proceed	Proceed
SIGNAL NAME	Clear Signal	Clear Signal
1938-62 SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
UCOR RULE No.	ABS - 501-K	ISR - 601-N
INDICATION	Proceed
SIGNAL NAME	Clear
1962-90 UCOR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
UCOR RULE No.	281		282A
INDICATION	Proceed		Proceed, Approaching Next Signal At Limited Speed.
SIGNAL NAME	Clear		Approach Limited
1990 + ... CROR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
CROR RULE No.	405		406
INDICATION	Clear		Proceed, approaching next signal at limited speed.
SIGNAL NAME	Proceed		Clear to Limited

NOTE: No 1929 CNR / CPR equivalent signal indications this page
1938-62 SIGNAL ASPECT(S)	NIL		NIL
UCOR RULE No.		ABS - 501-H
INDICATION		Proceed, approaching next signal at medium speed.
SIGNAL NAME		Approach Medium
1962-90 UCOR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)	NIL
UCOR RULE No.		282
INDICATION		Proceed, approaching next signal at medium speed.
SIGNAL NAME		Approach Medium
1990 + ... CROR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
CROR RULE No.	406A	407	407A
INDICATION	Proceed, approaching next signal at limited speed.	Proceed, approaching next signal at medium speed.	Proceed, approaching next signal at medium speed.
SIGNAL NAME	Clear to Limited	Clear to Medium	Clear to Medium

NOTE: No 1929 CNR / CPR equivalent signal indications this page
1938-62 SIGNAL ASPECT(S)		NIL	NIL
UCOR RULE No.	ABS - 501-G
INDICATION	Proceed, approaching next signal at slow speed. Trains exceeding medium speed must at once reduce to that speed.
SIGNAL NAME	Approach Slow
1962-90 UCOR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)		NIL	NIL
UCOR RULE No.	284
INDICATION	Proceed, approaching next signal at slow speed. Trains exceeding medium speed must at once reduce to that speed.
SIGNAL NAME	Approach Slow
1990 + ... CROR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
CROR RULE No.	408	408A	409
INDICATION	Proceed, approaching next signal at slow speed.	Proceed, approaching next signal at slow speed.	Proceed, next signal is displaying Clear to Stop, be prepared to stop at second signal.
SIGNAL NAME	Clear to Slow	Clear to Slow	Advance Clear to Stop

NOTE: No 1929 CNR / CPR equivalent signal indications this page
1929 ASPECT(S)			NIL
CNR / CPR RULE No.	ABS - 501-D	ISR - 601-D
INDICATION	Proceed with caution via main route, prepared to stop at next signal	Proceed with caution via main route, prepared to stop at next signal
SIGNAL NAME	Approach	Approach Signal
1938-62 SIGNAL ASPECT(S)			NIL
UCOR RULE No.	ABS - 501-F	ISR - 601-H
INDICATION	Proceed, preparing to stop at next signal. Trains exceeding medium speed must at once reduce to that speed. Reduction to medium speed must commence before passing signal.
SIGNAL NAME	Approach
1962-90 UCOR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
UCOR RULE No.	285		283A
INDICATION	Proceed, preparing to stop at next signal. Trains exceeding medium speed must at once reduce to that speed. Reduction to medium speed must commence before passing signal.		Proceed, Limited speed within interlocking limits or through turnouts.
SIGNAL NAME	Approach		Limited Clear
1990 + ... CROR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
CROR RULE No.	410		411
INDICATION	Proceed, preparing to stop at next signal.		Proceed, limited speed passing signal and through turnouts.
SIGNAL NAME	Clear to Stop		Limited to Clear

NOTE: No 1929 or 1938 CNR / CPR equivalent signal indications this page
1962-90 UCOR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)	NIL	NIL	NIL
UCOR RULE No.				286A
INDICATION				Proceed, at Limited Speed preparing to stop at next signal.
SIGNAL NAME				Limited Approach
1990 + ... CROR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
CROR RULE No.	412	413	414	415
INDICATION	Proceed, limited speed passing signal and through turnouts.	Proceed, limited speed passing signal and through turnouts, approaching next signal at medium speed.	Proceed, limited speed passing signal and through turnouts, approaching next signal at slow speed.	Proceed, limited speed passing signal and through turnouts preparing to stop at next signal.
SIGNAL NAME	Limited to Limited	Limited to Medium	Limited to Slow	Limited to Stop

1929 ASPECT(S)		NIL	NIL
CNR / CPR RULE No.	ISR - 601-E
INDICATION	Proceed via diverging route
SIGNAL NAME	Clear Restricting Signal
1938-62 SIGNAL ASPECT(S)		NIL	NIL
UCOR RULE No.	ISR - 601-K
INDICATION	Proceed, medium speed within Interlocking Limits.
SIGNAL NAME	Medium Clear
1962-90 UCOR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)		NIL	NIL
UCOR RULE No.	283
INDICATION	Proceed, medium speed within Interlocking Limits or through turnouts.
SIGNAL NAME	Medium Clear
1990 + ... CROR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
CROR RULE No.	416	417	418
INDICATION	Proceed, medium speed passing signal and through turnouts.	Proceed, medium speed passing signal and through turnouts approaching next signal at limited speed.	Proceed, medium speed passing signal and through turnouts, approaching next signal at medium speed.
SIGNAL NAME	Medium to Clear	Medium to Limited	Medium to Medium

1929 ASPECT(S)	NIL
CNR / CPR RULE No.		ISR - 601-C
INDICATION		Proceed with caution via diverging route, prepared to stop at next signal
SIGNAL NAME		Approach Restricting
1938-62 SIGNAL ASPECT(S)	NIL
UCOR RULE No.		ISR - 601-G
INDICATION		Proceed at medium speed preparing to stop at next signal.
SIGNAL NAME		Medium Approach
1962-90 UCOR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)	NIL
UCOR RULE No.		286
INDICATION		Proceed, at medium speed preparing to stop at next signal.
SIGNAL NAME		Medium Approach
1990 + ... CROR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
CROR RULE No.	419	420
INDICATION	Proceed, medium speed passing signal and through turnouts, approaching next signal at slow speed.	Proceed, medium speed passing signal and through turnouts, preparing to stop at next signal.
SIGNAL NAME	Medium to Slow	Medium to Stop

1929 ASPECT(S)	NIL	NIL
CNR / CPR RULE No.			ABS - 501-E	ISR - 601-E
INDICATION			Proceed via diverging route
SIGNAL NAME			Clear Restricting
1938-62 SIGNAL ASPECT(S)			NIL
UCOR RULE No.	ABS - 501-E	ISR - 601-F
INDICATION	Proceed, slow speed through turnouts.	Proceed, slow speed within interlocking limits.
SIGNAL NAME	Slow Clear
1962-90 UCOR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)			NIL
UCOR RULE No.	287
INDICATION	Proceed slow speed within interlocking limits or through turnouts.
SIGNAL NAME	Slow Clear
1990 + ... CROR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
CROR RULE No.	421		421-DV
INDICATION	Proceed, slow speed passing signal and through turnouts.		Proceed, 25 MPH passing signal and through turnouts.
SIGNAL NAME	Slow to Clear		Diverging to Clear
Important Note(s)			. Signal 421DV first introduced November 1993 . Rule # not assigned until CROR 2003

NOTE: No 1929 CNR / CPR equivalent signal indications this page -or- 1938 UCOR equivalent signal indications
1990 + ... CROR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
CROR RULE No.	422	423	424
INDICATION	Proceed, slow speed passing signal and through turnouts approaching next signal at limited speed.	Proceed, slow speed passing signal and through turnouts approaching next signal at medium speed.	Proceed, slow speed passing signal and through turnouts approaching next signal at slow speed.
SIGNAL NAME	Slow to Limited	Slow to Medium	Slow to Slow

NOTE: No 1929 CNR / CPR equivalent signal indications this page
1938-62 SIGNAL ASPECT(S)			NIL
UCOR RULE No.	ABS - 501-D
INDICATION	Proceed, preparing to stop at next signal - slow speed through turnouts - medium speed must then not be exceeded until a more favourable indication has been accepted.
SIGNAL NAME	Slow Approach
1962-90 UCOR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)		NIL	NIL
UCOR RULE No.	288
INDICATION	Proceed, preparing to stop at next signal. Slow speed within interlocking limits or through turnouts, medium speed must then not be exceeded until a more favourable indication has been accepted.
SIGNAL NAME	Slow Approach
1990 + ... CROR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
CROR RULE No.	425	425-DV	No # As Yet
INDICATION	Proceed, slow speed passing signal and through turnouts preparing to stop at next signal.	Proceed, 25 MPH passing signal and through turnouts, preparing to stop at next signal. Diverging Proceed, prepared to stop within one-half the range of vision of equipment, also prepared to stop short of a switch not lined.	Proceed, next signal is displaying Restricting Signal
SIGNAL NAME	Slow to Stop	Diverging to Stop	Clear to Restricting
Important Notes		. Signal 425DV first introduced Nov 1993 . Rule # not assigned until CROR 2003	NEW CPR ETT#81 25 July 2004

1929 ASPECT(S)			NIL
CNR / CPR RULE No.	ABS - 501-C	ISR - 601-B
INDICATION	Proceed with caution via diverging route, prepared to stop at next signal	Proceed at slow speed, prepared to stop
SIGNAL NAME	Approach Restricting	Slow Speed
1938-62 SIGNAL ASPECT(S)	NIL		NIL
UCOR RULE No.		ISR - 601-D
INDICATION		Proceed at Restricted speed
SIGNAL NAME		Restricting Signal
1962-90 UCOR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
UCOR RULE No.		290
INDICATION		Proceed at Restricted speed
SIGNAL NAME		Restricting Signal
1990 + ... CROR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)	NIL
CROR RULE No.		426	426-DV
INDICATION		Proceed at restricted speed	Proceed, prepared to stop with one-half the range of vision of equipment, also prepared to stop short of a switch not properly lined and in no case exceeding 25 MPH passing signal and through turnouts.
SIGNAL NAME		Restricting Signal	Diverging
Important Notes			. Signal 426DV first introduced Nov 1993 . Rule # not assigned until CROR 2003

1929 ASPECT(S)
CNR / CPR RULE No.	Stn Sig - 451-A	Stn Sig - 451-B	Stn Sig - 451-C
INDICATION	Stop NOTE: A fixed signal used to regulate movement of trains or engines approaching a station or switch. NOTE: With a semaphore type the arm of a STOP signal has a square end; this is by night, and the colour light type at all times will be distinguished by the display of a lunar white marker light located below and in the same vertical plane as the active light. NOTE: with the semaphore type the arm of a STOP AND PROCEED signal has a pointed end; this is by night, and the colour light type at all times will be distinguished by the display of the active signal light only. NOTE: The aspects of colour light signals are the same as the night aspects of the semaphore signals rgb illustrated.	Stop; then proceed in accordance with Rule 454	Proceed
SIGNAL NAME	Stop	Stop and Proceed	Clear
1938-62 SIGNAL ASPECT(S)		NIL
UCOR RULE No.	SPS - 451-A
INDICATION	A station protection signal will be designated by a marker bearing the letters S P S attached to the signal mast. Where a stop signal is used as an SPS trains or engines affected by it must stop before reaching the signal and not more than rgb 100 yards from it.
SIGNAL NAME	Stop
1962-90 UCOR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)		NIL
UCOR RULE No.	291B
INDICATION	Stop, then proceed at restricted speed and preceded by a flagman when necessary to ensure full protection.
SIGNAL NAME	Station Protection Signal
1990 + ... CROR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)		NIL
CROR RULE No.	427
INDICATION	Stop, then proceed at restricted speed and preceded by a flagman when necessary to ensure full protection.
SIGNAL NAME	Special Protection Signal
Important Notes	. With CROR 1990 named changed to ‘Special’ ... . signal dropped after 1999 CROR release

1929 ASPECT(S)
CNR / CPR RULE No.	ABS - 501-B	Grade Signal Indicator
INDICATION	Stop; then proceed in accordance with Rule 504 & 505	Grade
SIGNAL NAME	Stop and Proceed	See Rule 504
1938-62 SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
UCOR RULE No.	ABS - 501-B	ABS - 509-B
INDICATION	Stop then proceed according to rule.	Where authorized a Stop and Proceed Signal may be designated as a Grade Signal. (Trains handling 50% or more of ruling rgrade tonnage approaching a grade signal indicating "Stop, then proceed at restricted speed" may pass it without stopping and proceed at restricted speed.)
SIGNAL NAME	Stop and Proceed	Grade Signal
1962-90 UCOR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
UCOR RULE No.	291	291A
INDICATION	Stop, then proceed at restricted speed.	Trains handling 50% or more of ruling grade tonnage approaching a grade signal indicating "Stop, then proceed at restricted speed" may pass it without stopping and proceed at restricted speed.
SIGNAL NAME	Stop and Proceed	Grade Signal
1990 + ... CROR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)		NIL
CROR RULE No.	428
INDICATION	Stop, then proceed at restricted speed.
SIGNAL NAME	Stop and Proceed Signal
Important Notes		. No Grade Signal in CROR after 1990

1929 ASPECT(S)			NIL
CPR / CNR RULE No.	ABS - 501 - A	ISR - 601 - A
INDICATION	Stop	Stop
SIGNAL NAME	Stop	Stop
1938-62 SIGNAL ASPECT(S)			NIL
UCOR RULE No.	ABS - 501-A	ISR - 601-A
INDICATION	Stop
SIGNAL NAME	Stop
1962-90 UCOR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
UCOR RULE No.	292		293
INDICATION	Stop		Be governed by signal indication. Take (or leave) siding when "S" lighted or light flashing. Note: Lighted "S" or flashing light is used in conjunction with a block or interlocking signal.
SIGNAL NAME	Stop		Take (or Leave) Siding Signal
1990 + ... CROR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
CROR RULE No.	429		430
INDICATION	Stop		Be governed by signal indication. Take (or leave) siding or other designated track when "S" lighted or light flashing. NOTE: Lighted "S" or flashing light is used in conjunction with a block or interlocking signal.
SIGNAL NAME	Stop Signal		Take (or Leave) Siding Signal

NOTE: See Page 2 1898 Distant and Home Semaphore Signal applications
1929 ASPECT(S)
CNR / CPR RULE No.	TOS - 401 - A	TOS - 401 - B	TOS - 401 -C
INDICATION	Stop for Orders	Caution for 19 Order	No Orders
SIGNAL NAME	Stop	Caution	Clear
1938-62 SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
UCOR RULE No.	TOS - 401-A	TOS - 401-B	TOS - 401-C
INDICATION	Stop for train orders. When the stop signal is displayed for trains in the direction in which the signal applies, it will indicate the delivery of restrictive train orders which may affect the train at that station and the train must be governed accordingly.	Caution for 19Y train orders. When the caution signal is displayed for trains in the direction in which the signal applies, it will indicate the delivery of 19Y train orders, none of which are restrictive at that point. The speed must be so regulated as to enable proper delivery of the orders to be made to both front and rear of the rg train.	Proceed no train orders. When the proceed signal is displayed trains are not required to slow for orders and may maintain track speed.
SIGNAL NAME	Stop	Caution	Proceed
1962-90 UCOR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
UCOR RULE No.	401A	401B	401C
INDICATION	Stop - for orders.	Caution - for 19Y orders.	Proceed - no orders.
SIGNAL NAME	Stop Signal	Caution Signal	Clear Signal
1990 + ... CROR SIGNAL ASPECT(S)
CROR RULE No.	242	243	244
INDICATION	Stop for Train Orders and/or Clearance	Regulate Speed for Train Orders and/or Clearance	Proceed - No Train Orders or Clearance
SIGNAL NAME	Red Train Order Signal	Yellow Train Order Signal	Green Train Order Signal
Important Notes	Signal appears in 1990 CROR but no longer appearing after 1999	Signal appears in 1990 CROR but no longer appearing after 1999	Signal appears in 1990 CROR but no longer appearing after 1999

SIGNAL LOCATION 1896 - GTR 1898 - CPR O&Q	SIGNAL LOCATION 1929, 1938	SIGNAL LOCATION 1962
No diagram available or in ETT, however, "When there is more than one arm on a signal post the topmost arm always refers to the track on the extreme Right; the next arm lower to the next track in order, and so on. If either arm is lowered it will indicate Safety or Go ahead for the track to which such arm refers."1

SIGNAL LOCATION 1975, 1990, 1999, 2002

AAR APPROVED SIGNALS NOT USED IN CANADA:

According to the AAR ‘Catechism of the Standard Code of Association of American Railroads’ (November 1938, revisions 1940, 1942)

RULE #	INDICATION	NAME	DIAGRAM
281a	Proceed approaching second signal at medium speed	Advance approach medium
281b	Proceed approaching second signal at limited speed	Approach limited
281c	Proceed; limited speed within interlocking limits	Limited - clear
283a	Proceed preparing to stop at second signal; medium speed within interlocking limits.	Medium - advance approach
283b	Proceed at medium speed approaching next signal at slow speed	Medium - approach slow
284	Proceed approaching next signal at slow speed. Train exceeding medium speed must at once reduce to that speed	Approach slow
289	Block occupied; proceed prepared to stop short of train ahead Designated by: 1 - letter plate -or- 2 - Marker light -or- 3 - Shape of arm -or- 4 - Combination of these distinguishing features	Permissive

NOTE: AAR Rule Numbers 281 to 292 cover all railways however railways are free to adopt with AAR approval. CN and CP however conflict in a few cases with the AAR Rule Numbers where CN/CP name 500 and 600 rule numbers but AAR are 281 to 292 - it was not until 1962 when CN and CP began using the 281 to 292 rules then not until 1990s did it change to 400 rule block.

MAJOR CTC INSTALLATIONS - 1941 to 1985

ABBREVIATIONS USED:

AAR = American Association of Railroads

ABS = Absolute Block Signals

ISR = Interlocking Signal Rules

STN SIG = 1929 Station Signal Indication later SPS (see below)

SPS = Station Protection Signal, later Special Protection Signal

TOS = Train Order Signal

G = Grade signal plate

A = Absolute plate

L = Limited plate

Footnotes:

1 - Identical rule and signal applications in Grand Trunk Railway of Canada ETT No. 8 Monday, June 22^nd 1896

2 - Canadian Pacific Railway Co. Ontario & Quebec Division Timetable No. 22 Sunday, June 5^th, 1898 (see Page 2)

PRE-1990: Indicates rules and signals and semaphore use from UCOR Rule books and Supplements for the years 1951, 1962

Semaphore Signals from 1938 Supplement

UCOR DEFINITIONS:

1) BLOCK AND INTERLOCKING SIGNALS: These indications give standard indications. Other signals will be shown in special instructions. Lights may be to other side of the mast and number plates may be provided for the purpose of identifying location.

2) APPROACH SIGNAL: A fixed signal used in connection with one or more signals to govern the approach thereto.

3) DWARF SIGNAL: A low signal used as a block or interlocking signal.

4) GRADE SIGNAL: A stop and proceed signal equipped with a marker displaying the letter "G".

5) INTERLOCKING SIGNAL: A fixed signal at the entrance to or within interlocking limits to govern the use of the route.

6) STATION PROTECTION SIGNAL: A stop and proceed signal equipped with a marker displaying the letters "SPS" used to protect trains or engines occupying the main track in yards or at stations in the block protected by the signal.

7) AUTOMATIC BLOCK SIGNAL SYSTEM (ABS): A series of consecutive blocks governed by signals, cab signals, or both, actuated by a train or engine, or by certain conditions affecting the use of a block.

8) CENTRALIZED TRAFFIC CONTROL (CTC): A system in ABS territory under which train or engine movements are authorized by block signals whose indications supercede the superiority of trains both opposing and following movements on the same track.

9) INTERLOCKING LIMITS: The tracks between the extreme or outer opposing interlocking signals of an interlocking.

UCOR SPEEDS:

1) RESTRICTED SPEED: A speed that will permit stopping within one-half the range of vision. Where ABS rules, interlocking rules or signal indications require movement at restricted speed, such as must be made at a speed that will permit stopping within one-half the range of vision, also prepared to stop short of a switch not properly lined, and be on the look out for broken rail, and in no case exceeding low speed.

2) SLOW SPEED: A speed not exceeding 15 MPH.

3) MEDIUM SPEED: A speed not exceeding 30 MPH.

4) LIMITED SPEED: A speed not exceeding 45 MPH.